Peter Dews

Possessed by Concepts A Study of Concepts By Christopher Peacocke MIT Press, 1992. Pp. x + 266. ISBN 0–262–161338. £24.95. Morality, ethics and ‘postmetaphysical thinking: new books by Jürgen Habermas The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Enquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society Polity Press, 1992, Pp.300, ISBN 0–7456–1077–3. £35/11.95. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action Polity Press, 1992. Pp. 280. ISBN 0–7456–1104–4. £29.50. Postmetaphysical Thinking. Philosophical Essays Polity Press, 1992. Pp. 200. ISBN 0–7456–0734–9. £29.50. Justification and Application. Remarks on Discourse Ethics Polity Press, 1993. Pp. 192. ISBN 0–7456–0143–9. £35/11.95. Shame and Necessity By Bernard Williams University of California Press, 1993. Pp. xii + 254. ISBN 0–520–08046–7. $25.

Comprised of classic and newly-commissioned papers from leading theorists, this volume provides a wide-ranging critical introduction to the thought of Jürgen Habermas. Some contributions explore the relation between Habermas's philosophy and the thought of major predecessors, including Kant, Hegel, Marx and Heidegger. Others elucidate the political context of Habermas's thinking, while a final section presents the responses of leading German contemporaries to his work. The result is a more rounded picture of Habermas's oeuvre and achievement than has previously been available. Habermas emerges as a thinker whose outstanding powers of renewal and innovation are inseparable from his engagement with the major traditions of European thought, and his own intellectual and political context.

In the last quarter of the twentieth century the concept of postmodernism, and the associated notion of postmodernity, became a principal focus of discussion in philosophy, cultural analysis, and social and political theory. Nietzsche and Heidegger are crucial points of reference for the French post-structuralists, who provided the theoretical armoury of postmodernism. Foucault and Derrida have probably been the most influential of French post-structuralist thinkers. The central theoretical and political dilemma of postmodernist thought which was highlighted by its most eminent critic, Jürgen Habermas. Postmodernists have construed the collapse of metaphysical foundations as a licence for relativism, Habermas's conception of agreement as the intrinsic, albeit idealised, aim of communication provides, a 'post-metaphysical' account of the orientation to a context-transcending truth. On Habermas's account, modernity, in both its capitalist and bureaucratic socialist versions, is characterised by a 'colonisation' of the human life-world by instrumental reason. The perspectivism, and relativism, which are central to the epistemology of postmodernism, prohibit comprehensive historical claims.