Louis P. Pojman

(1935 - 2005)

It is widely held that we can obtain beliefs and withhold believing propositions directly by performing an act of will. This thesis is sometimes identified with the view that believing is a basic act, an act which is under our direct control. Descartes holds that the will is limitless in relation to belief acquisition and that we must be directly responsible for our beliefs, especially our false beliefs, for otherwise we could draw the blasphemous conclusion that God is responsible for them. For Descartes and his followers judgment and assent are acts of the will which may be made both when they ought and when they ought not to be made. They are expressions of freedom of the will and as such we are directly responsible for the beliefs we acquire. Other philosophers who seem to espouse volitionalism include Aquinas, Locke, Kierkegaard, Newman, James, Pieper, Chisholm and Meiland.

The dominant contemporary political theory is egalitarianism, yet egalitarians seldom give a clear justification of their position. In this paper I examine such questions as, What is egalitarianism all about? What is so attractive about equality? And what is the proper criterion? What do egalitarians want to equalize and why? My primary hypothesis is that current egalitarian theories either illicitly attempt to derive substantive conclusions from formal notions or, if they are substantive, are beset with weighty objections. A corollary is the hypothesis that the idea of equality is an empty, rhetorical notion, one that, with one possible exception, does no useful philosophical work.

The plan of this study is founded on a hypothesis that there is an overall argument in the Climacus writings : 1) There are two opposing ways to approach the truth: the objective and the subjective ways, 2) The objective way fails, 3) Hence the only appropriate way to the truth is the subjective way, 4) Christianity is the subjective way of life that meets all conditions for the highest subjectivity, 5) Hence Christianity is the appropriate way to reach the truth. The present work is sympathetically critical - always appreciative of Kierkegaard's genius but not always endorsing his arguments

[Christianity] has enriched philosophy with far more definite and purer concepts than it had been able to furnish before; but which, once they are there, are freely assented to by Reason and are assumed as concepts to which it could well have come of itself and which it could and should have introduced…. Even the Holy One of the Gospel must first be compared with our ideal of moral perfection, before we can recognize him as such [Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement, tr. Bernard; p. 410n and Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, tr. Lewis White Beck; p. 30]

The most recent volume in Louis Pojman's highly successful Classics of Philosophy collection, Classics of Philosophy: Volume III, The Twentieth Century assembles definitive essays in twentieth-century Western philosophy. This work is considerably more comprehensive than the corresponding section of the single-volume edition of Classics of Philosophy. Its selections cover the whole spectrum of the field, representing the major movements of the century including British Realism, American Pragmatism, Logical Positivism, Existentialism, Phenomenology, Deconstructionism, and Ordinary Language Philosophy. Pojman includes fifty-four diverse and engaging selections by thirty-nine leading philosophers, featuring the work of Ayer, Carnap, Davidson, Dennett, Derrida, Foucault, Gettier, Goldman, Habermas, Harrison, Heidegger, Husserl, Kripke, McTaggart, Moore, Nagel, Nozick, Putnam, Quine, Rawls, Rorty, Russell, Ryle, Sartre, Searle, Strawson, and Wittgenstein. Seminal works in the philosophy of mind, free will/determinism, the debate over religious truth, and political and moral philosophy are included. Ideal for courses in twentieth-century and contemporary philosophy, the volume also includes an enlightening introduction, biographical sketches for each author, and abstracts and bibliographies for each selection.