B. Chen

Property law treats intellectual property (IP) differently than physical property. This paper draws upon John Locke’s labor mixing theory of property to explain why we have different moral expectations for IP. In particular, this paper aims to demonstrate that a Lockean account leads to the conclusion that intellectual property rights must be limited by a policy of expiration although we have no such expectations for physical property. In so doing, this paper begins with an explanation of Locke’s original justification for physical property, conducts a modest exploration of what a Lockean theory of IP might look like, and ends by arguing that expiration is a way to reconcile the warring interests within such a theory of IP. In addition to labor mixing, Locke’s two restrictions of property acquisition, the enough and as good proviso and the waste condition, critically affect how we must balance the rights of original IP inventors, subsequent inventors, and the general public.

High vocation education is an important foundation for China to cultivate high teaching quality and technical and skilled talents. In the new era, the acceleration of the development of modern vocational education is put in a more prominent position. It is proposed that we should adhere to moral education, closely combine this with the needs of technological change and industrial upgrading, constantly improve the quality of high vocational education teaching, and cultivate more technical and skilled talents with both political integrity and ability for modernization construction. Under the background of social informatization, using artificial intelligent technology to solve these problems can play an important role for improving the teaching quality of high vocational education. This paper proposed a data mining approach in promoting student satisfaction with the teaching quality of high vocational education. We design a questionnaire for Students’ satisfaction with the teaching quality of basic entrepreneurship curriculum. We take the survey data of vocation education as an example and use mining technology analysis software to understand the current status of the teaching quality of basic entrepreneurship curriculum. The results determine the main factors affecting Students’ satisfaction with teaching quality. The results of this paper can be used in student management, education strategy, student education satisfaction, and teaching quality in high vocation college education, and to improve the teaching quality of fundamentals of entrepreneurship curriculum in high vocation education.

The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the tourism industry in various ways, including tourists’ travel motivations and intentions. Unlike previous studies that have focused on the dark side of the pandemic, this study adds the dimension of perceptions of positive information on COVID-19 to the Theory of Planned Behavior to explore their influence on travel motivation and intention. A total of 470 valid questionnaires were collected from a sample of Chinese university students. The results showed that the students’ perceptions of positive COVID-19 information positively impacted their travel intentions through the variables of perceived behavioral control, travel attitudes, and travel motivations. Perceived behavioral control was the mediating variable that most explained the impact of perceptions of positive COVID-19 information on travel motivation and intention. This study contributes to the understanding of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism and of university students’ travel motivations and intentions. It also offers implications for the tourism industry to formulate relevant recovery strategies during and after the pandemic.

Today vitalism is widely dismissed as a metaphysical heresy. For instance, Brigandt and Love (Reductionism in biology. In: Zalta EN (ed) The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, 2017) claimed that “the denial of physicalism by vitalism, the doctrine that biological systems are governed by forces that are not physico-chemical, is largely of historical interest” (p. 3). Perhaps the most “infamous” vitalist is the German biologist Hans Driesch. However, Driesch (In Rádl E (ed) Actes du Huitième Congrès International de Philosophie a Prague 2–7 septembre 1934. Comité d’Organisation du Congrès, Prague, pp 10–30, 1936) himself very explicitly stated that his vitalism is “neither ‘mysticism’[…]nor ‘metaphysics’” (p. 27). So, in order to address the mismatch between the present conception of vitalism and his own, I seek to offer a historico-logical re-assessment of Driesch’s vitalism. From the historical point of view, I show that Driesch had provided long ignored theoretical reflections on the nature of entelechy (the central concept in his vitalism), especially those in relation to evolution and physics. From the logical point of view, following logical empiricists (Phillipp FrankFrank, Philipp and Rudolf CarnapCarnap, Rudolf), I indicate that Driesch’s vitalism should be rejected due to its lack of vital laws, at least with respect to current biology; it is an unestablished theory rather than a metaphysical heresy. Ironically, some current theoretical biologists have proposed similar theories (or principles and laws) of life, even though they (incoherently) reject Driesch’s vitalism. In the end, I briefly conclude that the failure of vitalism actually alludes to the fact that even today we understand very little about the nature of life (I mean, the pure concept/phenomenon of life!) (While I cannot elaborate here, it is of extremely importance not to conflate knowledge about the pure concept/phenomenon of life and knowledge about objects predicatable of life (Ben-Naim, manuscript, p. 281). For instance, it is common among philosophers of biology today to cite elementary knowledge in a particular biological discipline as offering a better understanding of life. Yet their promise fails to be delivered. At best, they are merely relying on knowledge about objects predicatable of life (in most cases, merely knowledge about complex organizations of matter: about heredity, reproduction, development, metabolism, etc); but such knowledge has not been shown of any relevance to the pure concept/phenomenon of life).

DNA-dependent protein kinase, consisting of Ku and DNA-PKcs subunits, is the key component of the non-homologous end-joining pathway of DNA double strand break repair. Although the kinase activity of DNA-PKcs is essential for NHEJ, thus far, no in vivo substrate has been conclusively identified except for an autophosphorylation site on DNA-PKcs itself. Here we report the ionizing radiation -induced autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at a novel site, serine 2056, the phosphorylation of which is required for the repair of DSBs by NHEJ. Interestingly, IR-induced DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner with attenuated phosphorylation in the S phase. In contrast, DNA replication-associated DSBs resulted in DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation and localization to DNA damage sites. These results indicate that although IR-induced DNA-PKcs phosphorylation is attenuated in the S phase, DNA-PKcs is preferentially activated by the physiologically relevant DNA replication-associated DSBs at the sites of DNA synthesis.

Direct democracy and indirect democracy issue is a hot topic in contemporary political philosophy. Based on the secret "representative government" re-interpretation, to clarify the direct relationship between democracy and indirect democracy. Mill systematic exposition of the problems of representative democracy, his theory of indirect democracy contains elements of direct democracy. On the one hand the people personally Mill politics of direct democracy as the basis and premise of representative democracy, to clarify the people's participation in direct democracy, legitimacy, rationality; other hand, he has a profound analysis of people's participation in direct democracy may take to the ills and dangers. In fact, direct democracy is a double-edged sword, both can become a weapon to overcome the tyranny, but also may lead to tyranny of the majority; can become free of the security, may also become the enemies of freedom. Therefore, according to the actual situation, Li Yang avoid its evils, the design of the political system, the correct and appropriate use of the form of direct democracy, to ensure the people's political participation. The issue of direct democracy and indirect democracy is one of the hotspots of the contemporary political philosophy. This paper clarifies the relationship between direct democracy and indirect democracy more clearly by the re-unscrambling of John Stuart Mill's Considerations On Representative Government. Mill expatiated upon the theme of representative government systematically. It includes the elements of direct democracy in his theory of indirect democracy. On the one hand, Mill took the direct democracy coming from the people's political participation as the base and precondition of representative democracy, clarified the justice and rationality of the direct democracy; on the other hand, he analyzed profoundly the possible disadvantages and dangers coming from direct democracy? the people themselves participate the political affairs. Actually, direct democracy is a sword with double blades, it can become the weapon of overcoming the tyranny, and it can also lead to the tyranny of the majority; it can be the guarantee of freedom, and the enemy of it, too. Therefore, we should develop the advantages and stay away from the disadvantages of direct democracy according to the practical situations, and in order to guarantee the people's political participation, we should use direct democracy correctly and moderately in the design of the political system

This paper reports a novel and remarkably facile approach towards vertically aligned nanosheets on three-dimensional Ni foams. Conducting polypyrrole sheets were grown on Ni foam through the volatilization of the environmentally friendly solvent from an ethanol–water solution of pyrrole, followed by the polymerization of the coated Py in ammonium persulfate solution. The PPy-decorated Ni foams and commercial activated carbon modified Ni foams were employed as the two electrodes for the assembly of flexible all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. The sheet-like structure of PPy and the macroporous feature of the Ni foam, which render large electrode–electrolyte interfaces, resulted in good capacitive performance of the supercapacitors. Moreover, a high energy density of ca. 14 Wh kg−1 and a high power density of 6.2 kW kg−1 were achieved for the all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors due to the wide cell voltage window.

Fiction from life, but life works in the picture is the author describes life for the restructuring process, imagine supplement, be the product of typification. Unrefined process of individual events may be in life is real, but the lack of typical, writing in the novel, but seems false. Author of fictional characters and plot, must proceed from life, life will flow in from the fabricated, resulting hypocritical characters, dialogue, false, absurd plot. Novel reflects life and performance of the theme by the image must not rely on graphic. Strength of the whole art of the novel in subtle, more like the author's intentions, the more impressive works can. Miss too clever to write fiction, it is felt in the show off skills, life will lose credibility. Creation of life should be in accord with the laws of the original, unexpected but reasonable, otherwise self-defeating. Novelist should walk in front of the times, that life without the performance of new and something, and guard against plagiarism apply in order to find the road of innovation