Ken Stikkers

Max Scheler seems to present two distinct approaches to philosophy of culture. In the early period of his Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik and “Ordo Amoris,” he describes cultures as being defined by their distinct order of value preferencings. In his later period of his “Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens,” however, Scheler explains the dynamics of culture in terms of the interaction of what he calls “real” and “ideal sociological factors,” rooted in various drives and spirit, respectively. These approaches are fully compatible and complementary, the former describing culture’s vertical structure and the latter, its horizontal structure. Together these two approaches offer a comprehensive philosophy of culture, deserving greater attention.

In volumes two and three of The History of Sexuality, Michel Foucault recovers an ancient ethical tradition of “aesthetics of existence,” or “art of living”—the “elaboration of one’s own life as a personal work of art”—centered on the notion of “care of the self.” This ethic invites one to think of one’s life as one’s primarywork of art, and hence is a matter strictly of personal choice and freedom, while the codified ethics characterizing Christianity and modernity are matters of universal obligation. The paper demonstrates 1) that the “art of living” has been a central theme in the American philosophical tradition at least since Thoreau, 2)that many of the positive features of Foucault’s presentation of such an ethic are found throughout that tradition, and 3) that the American tradition, especially Dewey, resolved more successfully than Foucault some of the problems in aesthetics of existence.

For over 2000 years, economics was studied in the West as a branch of ethics, or moral philosophy. Presently, though, few economists and no textbook in economic orthodoxy claim any close connection between economic science and philosophy. However, might the current 'crises' in economics, and in the economics profession have their deep roots in the separation of economics from philosophy and ethics? American pragmatism, among the various contemporary philosophic traditions, lends itself specially to dialogue with economics because of its view of philosophy as an instrument for solving the real, concrete problems of human life, both personal and social. The essays in this volume, drawing heavily on the tradition of pragmatism, suggest that the economic crises of our time might not be merely technical in nature - that is, the result of faulty applications of economic tools by politicians and policy makers, based up conventional economic models - but also due to the faulty philosophical assumptions underlying those models. These essays suggest that the overcoming of our current economic crises requires that economists once again become moral philosophers, or that philosophers once again engage themselves in economic matters. In either case, this volume aims to foster dialogue between the two disciplines and in that way, contribute to the improvement of contemporary economic life. This book is suitable for those who study political economy, economic theory and economic philosophy.

What is a “public intellectual”? And, what is the public responsibility of intellectuals? I wish to place these issues at the intersection of John Dewey’s notion of “publics” and his call for a recovery of philosophy, which I take to be a broader call for a recovery of intellectual life generally. My analysis from such a perspective will suggest the public responsibility of intellectuals to be at least three-fold: 1) to identify and maintain citizens’ focus on the concrete problems that define publics, thereby facilitating the bringing of publics into being and maintaining them as long as they continue to be useful for solving such problems; 2) to aid in the creation of experimental methods whereby social intelligence and resources might be better directed to those problems’ resolutions; and 3) to bring publics to self awareness through the redirection of traditional symbols and the forging of new ones so as to create shared meanings and feelings of common interest, i.e., to aid in the transformation of the Great Society into the Great Community

The purpose of this dissertation is twofold: first, to set forth a social theory of space based upon, but not restricted to, the philosophy of Max Scheler, and second, to apply such a theory to the contemporary experience of space in technological society. Such an experience, I suggest, is marked by a tension between 'societal space' and 'communal place'. Societal space affords one privacy, autonomy, and individual freedom, but it also is fragmented and alienating. Communal place, on the other hand, affords one a sense of integrity, intimacy, and belongingness, but it also seems rigid and stifling. ;The central theses is that, viewed sociologially, space is a value horizon against which, or a value context within which, all experience occurs. That is, the experience of space is largely sociologically conditioned by the ethos, or value comportment, of the group to which one belongs. Consequently there is a correlation between what Scheler terms the 'industrial ethos' and the modern experience of space as 'empty.' ;The experience of space is closely connected with what numerous intellectuals of the twentieth century have described as the 'crisis' of Western man's self-understanding. For if modern man has forgotten who he is and the meaning of his existence, then this is also to say that he has lost his sense of place in the cosmos. ;Our manner of investigating the experience of space is a type of phenomenology that Scheler described as a 'psychic technique of non-resistance.' This technique is applied to interpersonal relations and combined with Scheler's theory of values and sociology of knowledge. Social groups are organic wholes, and their essential cores are their ethoses, or value comportmens, which generate all social relations. Thus all perceptions of space are parts of the organic, comprehensive world-views in and out of which they have grown