Chen Liang

This study examines the degree of state ownership on corporate bribery. Integrating the theories of state ownership and corporate corruption, we propose that state ownership influences bribery propensity and bribery intensity in different ways; it lowers a firm’s tendency to pay bribes but increases the relative amount of bribery payment. Building on the control rights/bargaining hypotheses, we demonstrate that state ownership shields firms from bribery demands by reducing administrative hurdles that include bureaucratic requirements of obtaining licenses or settling taxes in business operations. However, state ownership elevates the level of bribes by weakening their capital mobility. Using a sample of 23,018 firms from 54 countries covering 2006 to 2013, we find evidence to support our hypotheses. This article contributes to corruption research by drawing attention to an important channel of corruption and by highlighting the importance of considering not only the propensity but also the intensity of bribe payments.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. “Bioethics: Cross-Cultural Explorations”一文主要是譚傑志(Joseph Tham)教授對他負責的關於推動跨文化對話的聯合國教科文組織專案的系統性報吿。文章詳盡闡述了該專案十餘年來宗教學術對話工作的模式、性質與目標，也對諸如普遍主義與多元主義、科學與信仰等經典問題在該項工作中的重現提出了見解，並特別強調了宗教在增加生命倫理學討論的厚度方面的積極作用。(Tham 2022) (撮要取自內文首段) For religion to remain a guiding force in bioethics, it is important to maintain the sustainability of cross-cultural dialogue. In my opinion, these dialogues may encounter two difficulties. First, the high level of work that is required to create dialogues, combined with the modern phenomenon of “disenchantment,” make it difficult to find suitable successors. Second, if religious bioethics only considers pioneering positions of the past without considering dynamic changes in social beliefs, it may not be able to carve out a place in the future of bioethics.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. “Bioethics: Cross-Cultural Explorations”一文主要是譚傑志(Joseph Tham)教授對他負責的關於推動跨文化對話的聯合國教科文組織專案的系統性報吿。文章詳盡闡述了該專案十餘年來宗教學術對話工作的模式、性質與目標，也對諸如普遍主義與多元主義、科學與信仰等經典問題在該項工作中的重現提出了見解，並特別強調了宗教在增加生命倫理學討論的厚度方面的積極作用。(Tham 2022) (撮要取自內文首段) For religion to remain a guiding force in bioethics, it is important to maintain the sustainability of cross-cultural dialogue. In my opinion, these dialogues may encounter two difficulties. First, the high level of work that is required to create dialogues, combined with the modern phenomenon of “disenchantment,” make it difficult to find suitable successors. Second, if religious bioethics only considers pioneering positions of the past without considering dynamic changes in social beliefs, it may not be able to carve out a place in the future of bioethics.

The developmental trajectory of speechreading skills is poorly understood, and existing research has revealed rather inconsistent results. In this study, 209 Chinese students with hearing impairment between 7 and 20 years old were asked to complete the Chinese Speechreading Test targeting three linguistics levels. Both response time and accuracy data were collected and analyzed. Results revealed no developmental change in speechreading accuracy between ages 7 and 14 after which the accuracy rate either stagnates or drops; no significant developmental pattern in speed of speechreading across all ages. Results also showed that across all age groups, speechreading accuracy was higher for phrases than words and sentences, and overall levels of speechreading speed fell for phrases, words, and sentences. These findings suggest that the development of speechreading in Chinese is not a continuous, linear process.

Drawing from the grounded theory of work engagement, this research aims to explore three essential yet previously unexamined pathways—work meaningfulness, emotion regulation, and job competence in simultaneously transmitting the effects of mindfulness training to employee experience of work engagement. We employed a six-wave quasi-experimental design and recruited 129 employees to participate in the quasi-experiment, and tested our simultaneous mediating models using the structural equation modeling. Results showed that mindfulness facilitated employees’ work meaningfulness, emotion regulation, and job competence, which in turn enhanced employee work engagement. By doing so, we add to the mindfulness literature by showing that the three essential psychological states are important machanims that link mindfulness to work engagement. Practicially, this research reveals that mindfulness training is an effective tool to influence employees’ psychological states, which ultimately develop their work engagement in the workplace.

Food safety risk is becoming a vital issue for public health, and improving public awareness of FSR through social media is necessary. This study aims to explore specific mechanisms of FSR perception; it first categorizes 19 risk characteristics into two variables, dread and efficacy, and then examines how social media use affects perceived FSR through both variables. Additionally, the study explores the moderating effects of source credibility and science literacy on the mechanisms of FSR perception. Based on a nationwide online survey of more than six salient food safety issues in China, the study found that exposure to food safety risk information on social media can help improve perceived FSR based on the proposed “dread–efficacy processing model”, where dread stimulates perceived risk, while efficacy suppresses risk perception. Moreover, source credibility intensifies the effect of social media use on efficacy appraisal, whereas science literacy exerts a “double-weakening” influence on dread appraisal. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Depression is a common mental health illness worldwide that affects our quality of life and ability to work. Although prior research has used EEG signals to increase the accuracy to identify depression, the rates of underdiagnosis remain high, and novel methods are required to identify depression. In this study, we built a model based on single-channel, dry-electrode EEG sensor technology to detect state depression, which measures the intensity of depressive feelings and cognitions at a particular time. To test the accuracy of our model, we compared the results of our model with other commonly used methods for depression diagnosis, including the PHQ-9, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and House-Tree-Person drawing test, in three different studies. In study 1, we compared the results of our model with PHQ-9 in a sample of 158 senior high students. The results showed that the consistency rate of the two methods was 61.4%. In study 2, the results of our model were compared with HAM-D among 71 adults. We found that the consistency rate of state-depression identification by the two methods was 63.38% when a HAM-D score above 7 was considered depression, while the consistency rate increased to 83.10% when subjects showed at least one depressive symptom. In study 3, 68 adults participated in the study, and the results revealed that the consistency rate of our model and HTP drawing test was 91.2%. The results showed that our model is an effective means to identify state depression. Our study demonstrates that using our model, people with state depression could be identified in a timely manner and receive interventions or treatments, which may be helpful for the early detection of depression.

Companies take project-based management as their organizational strategy, and project quality assurance plays a vital role in improving customer satisfaction and enhancing corporate image. Starting from the perspective of optimizing project quality, this paper assigns different quality influencing factors to each project and each task of the project, divides the labor resources shared by multiple projects in the enterprise according to the skill level, and transforms the problem of project quality optimization. The problem of the highest skill level of labor resources allocated to all projects of the enterprise is designed, and algorithms are designed to achieve the optimization of project quality through the optimal allocation of labor resources. The various links in this article are closely related to form a comprehensive, scientific, and systematic research system for optimal human resource allocation, human resource management, and development. Finally, case analysis is used to confirm the usability of the model and provide a quantitative method and perspective for project-oriented companies to allocate workforce.

Our paper draws attention to a neglected channel of corruption—the bribe payments by state-owned enterprises. This is an important phenomenon as bribe payments by SOEs fruitlessly waste national resources, compromising public welfare and national prosperity. Using a large dataset of 30,249 firms from 50 countries, we show that, in general, SOEs are less likely to pay bribes for achieving organizational objectives owing to their political connectivity. However, in deteriorated institutional environments, SOEs may be subjected to potential managerial rent-seeking behaviors, which disproportionately increase SOE bribe propensity relative to privately owned enterprises. Specifically, our findings highlight the importance of fostering democracy and rule of law, reducing prevalence of corruption and shortening power distance in reducing the incidence of SOE bribery.

One of the central issues in cognitive science is the nature of human representations. We argue that symbolic representations are essential for capturing human cognitive capabilities. We start by examining some common misconceptions found in discussions of representations and models. Next we examine evidence that symbolic representations are essential for capturing human cognitive capabilities, drawing on the analogy literature. Then we examine fundamental limitations of feature vectors and other distributed representations that, despite their recent successes on various practical problems, suggest that they are insufficient to capture many aspects of human cognition. After that, we describe the implications for cognitive architecture of our view that analogy is central, and we speculate on roles for hybrid approaches. We close with an analogy that might help bridge the gap.

Word order variation in Mandarin Chinese results in two constructions consisting of a noun phrase, a cluster of a demonstrative and a classifier, and a relative clause : the OMN with the RC+DM+NP order and the IMN with DM+RC+NP order. This study used corpus data to show correlational patterns of constructional choices. Specifically, OMN is associated with new and inanimate NPs serving the grammatical role of object in the relative clause that serves the discourse function of identification. By contrast, for IMN, the head NP tends to carry given information, tends to be an animate entity, tends to serve the grammatical role of subject in the relative clause, and tends to have an RC that serves the discourse function of characterization. We suggest that the usage patterns can be interpreted in terms of the cognitive and communicative principles of relevance.

Most neuroimaging research in stroke rehabilitation mainly focuses on the neural mechanisms underlying the natural history of post-stroke recovery. However, connectivity mapping from resting-state fMRI is well suited for different neurological conditions and provides a promising method to explore plastic changes for treatment-induced recovery from stroke. We examined the changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RS-FC) of the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1) in 10 post-acute stroke patients before and immediately after 4 weeks of robot-assisted bilateral arm therapy (RBAT). Motor performance, functional use of the affected arm, and daily function improved in all participants. Reduced interhemispheric RS-FC between the ipsilesional and contralesional M1 (M1-M1) and the contralesional-lateralized connections were noted before treatment. In contrast, greater M1-M1 functional connectivity and disturbed resting-state networks were observed after RBAT relative to pre-treatment. Increased changes in M1-M1 RS-FC after RBAT were coupled with better motor and functional improvements. Mediation analysis showed the pre-to-post difference in M1-M1 RS-FC was a significant mediator for the relationship between motor and functional recovery. These results show neuroplastic changes and functional recoveries induced by RBAT in post-acute stroke survivors and suggest that interhemispheric functional connectivity in the motor cortex may be a neurobiological marker for recovery after stroke rehabilitation.

Culture is always the privilege of reproduction of social relations, Bourdieu's central problems, "habits" as its basic theoretical aspects, revealing the process of social distinction, especially with the social constraints and social field of the mutual transformation mutual penetration of the "homogeneous relations." His idea is novel, point of view is clear, the argument is complex, the path is circuitous. The prevailing view is that habits Field as his power of "nuclear" has swept all of the explanatory power or energy. The difference is that with the general understanding, habits are redundant, not only did not help him dig dug danger of the machine front, to be detrimental to the contemplation of the sensitivity and the Watch force

Hunan Hunan dramatic modern era is an extremely important change in the historical period, social mobility is the best change to reflect this era of social phenomena. From the flow point of view, this period there are five major trends of social mobility, through the examination on the civilian movement for the gentleman to the farmers for the lower flow of soldiers to the army, the army of scholars from the Going to war service, civilians from the "tax inclusive" up to the gentleman or enter officialdom, and so on. Return to the Garden or in the hometown of Hunan where real power is sitting, or next to the flow of gang members. These and other regions, especially coastal areas, by comparison, reflects the distinctive regional characteristics. "Xiangjun Age" was a dramatic alternation historical modern period in Hunan, social mobility was one of the phenomena to indicate the great changes of this period. On the flowing direction of the social mobility, there were mainly five directions which reflected distinctive regional characters of Hunan compared with other districts, especially the coast areas