Cristina Lopez

En este artículo se busca identificar las características de la grilla belicosa foucaultiana, explicitar los usos que Michel Foucault ha hecho de la misma, revisar los beneficios teóricos que se siguen de ello y considerar su potencialidad para hacer inteligibles acontecimientos de incidencia local actual. A este respecto, se pretende sostener que aun cuando, en nuestros días, las relaciones de fuerza en las sociedades occidentales se hayan investido en el orden del poder político, la grilla de la guerra sigue teniendo vigencia al momento de hacer inteligibles los antagonismos que las atraviesan.

The present study aims at elucidating two aspects of Roman governance: first of all, the overlooked, but relevant, power of decision of the consuls (and, in a minor degree, of the praetors); secondly, the relationship between magistrates and Senate. The sources, especially epigraphic senatus consulta, consistently describe a procedure through which the Senate voted to delegate fully or partially decision-making on specific matters of foreign affairs to a consul or praetor who was in Rome. This procedure is present in almost half of the decisions recorded in epigraphic senatus consulta, on a variety of matters throughout the second and first centuries. This procedure was characterised by the use of the formula ita utei ei e re publica fideque sua videbitur esse/videretur (found in both epigraphic and literary sources), which referred to the cultural and ideological connotation that addressed the relationship between the Senate and magistrates.

A pesar de los avances efectuados en la comprensión de los alcances y los límites de las investigaciones de Michel Foucault sobre el dispositivo biopolítico de ejercicio del poder, aún subsisten ciertas dudas respecto del nexo de las mismas con la genealogía del liberalismo en que parecen desembocar. En este contexto, su tratamiento de las cuestiones de la vida, la muerte y la resistencia se vuelve problemático. Intentando esclarecer estas cuestiones, en este artículo se intentará dar cuenta de los motivos que orientan los análisis del autor hacia la cuestión de la gubernamentalidad liberal y del sesgo que en este marco adquiere su consideración de la biopolítica como un poder caracterizado por “hacer vivir y dejar morir”.

Background Moral distress appears when a healthcare professional is not able to carry out actions in accordance with their professional ethical standards. The Moral Distress Scale-Revised is the most widely used to assess levels of moral distress, but it is not validated in Spanish. The aim of the study is to validate the Spanish version of the Moral Distress Scale – utilised within a sample of Spanish healthcare professionals treating COVID–19 patients. Methods The original (english) and the portuguese and french versions of the scale were translated into spanish by native or bilingual researchers and reviewed by an academic expert in ethics and moral philosophy as well as by a clinical expert. Research design: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out using a self-reporting online survey. The data was collected between June- November 2020. A total of 661 professionals responded to the survey (N = 2873). Participants: healthcare professionals with more than two weeks of experience treating COVID–19 patients at the end of their life and working in the public sector of the Balearic Islands Health Service (Spain). Analyses included descriptive statistics, competitive confirmatory factor analysis, evidence on criterion-related validity and estimates of reliability. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Balearic Islands. Results An unidimensional model in which a general factor of moral distress explained by 11 items of the Spanish version of the MDS–R scale was an adequate representation of the data: χ 2 (44) = 113.492 (p 0.001); Comparative Fit Index = 0.965; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.079[0.062,0.097]; and Standarized Root Mean-Square = 0.037. Evidence of reliability was excellent: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.886 and McDonald’s omega = 0.910. Moral distress was related to discipline, with nurses having statistically significant higher levels than physicians. Additionally, moral distress successfully predicted professional quality of life, with higher levels of moral distress being related to poorer quality of life. Conclusions The Spanish version of Moral Distress Scale–Revised can be used as a reliable and valid measurement tool for the evaluation of moral distress experienced by health professionals. This tool will be highly useful for managers and applicable to a variety of healthcare professionals and settings.

This paper aims to improve knowledge about the main factors influencing firm environmental commitment, by examining empirically the relationship between public support for R&D for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and their investment in environmental protection. The empirical analysis was developed using a sample of 1594 Spanish firms, and a binary logistic regression to evaluate the existence of dependency relationships between the analyzed variables. The results show that those companies receiving direct funding from local public entities and those collaborating with research centers and universities, invest more in environmental actions to protect the natural ecosystem. The paper contributes to the academic literature by analyzing the main factors that influence the SMEs environmental commitment. Moreover, showing practitioners and policy makers the effectiveness of different types of financial support depending on the origin of the funds and the form of action taken; showing managers the advantages of collaborating with public administrations, as well as with other research organizations, to obtain better ECSR results.

Researchers have studied the athletes' dual careers with the aim of helping them to combine the sport and the academic–vocational sphere. Most of this research has addressed the study–sport combination, but there is a lack of studies on the work–sport combination. The main objective of this research was to explore the subjective perceptions of Spanish elite athletes when attempting to combine their careers as professional athletes with a second profession or trade. Further, this study aims to identify the access to facilitating resources and the perception of obstacles and barriers to the development of a dual career. A qualitative approach was chosen to address these research questions. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was carried out on a sample of 18 elite athletes, and the data were collected using semi-structured interviews based on a set of superordinate and subordinate categories. The results showed that the athletes interviewed possessed valuable resources such as the transference of sports values to the work sphere. However, important barriers were highlighted such as the perception of sport institutions as absent entities in the work–sport combination. Thus, the study of this type of dual career seems to be one of the challenges facing the interested scientific community for the coming years.

This paper examines the relationship between firm size and corporate social responsibility, and compares this relationship in family and non-family businesses. Three dimensions of CSR that we consider particularly important for family businesses were assessed: relationship with the community, relationship with employees and process and product quality management. The approach used is based on an empirical study conducted on 1,848 Spanish manufacturing firms, of which 824 are family owned. Our findings indicate that family and non-family enterprises vary in their relationships between firm size and community relations, employee policies and process innovation. We also highlight the importance of distinguishing between the two types of enterprise when assessing this issue.

The maxim "think sex without law, and power without the king" formulated as an emblem by M. Foucault in Histoire de la sexualité I, La volonté de savoir, may be interpreted as key of intelligibility of the genealogical development carried forward by the author since the mid- seventies, which ends up in the ontological formulation sketched out in his last writings. This article seeks to account for the displacements operated by the application of such maxim from the perspective of the analysis of power relations, as well as for the conception of subjectivity. The aim of the article is twofold: to identify and characterize a form of exercising power at a remove from the juridical model of sovereignty, and to establish the character and condition of a subjectivity constituted without resort to any legality.La consigna "pensar el sexo sin ley, y el poder sin el rey" formulada a modo de divisa por M. Foucault en Histoire de la sexualité I, La volonté de savoir, puede ser interpretada como clave de inteligibilidad del decurso genealógico que lleva adelante el autor desde mediados de la década del ´70, hasta desembocar en la formulación ontológica esbozada en sus últimos escritos. En este artículo se pretende dar cuenta, tanto de los desplazamientos operados por mor de la aplicación de tal consigna en la perspectiva de análisis de las relaciones de poder, como de la concepción de la subjetividad. El objetivo de la autora es doble: identificar y caracterizar una forma de ejercicio del poder fuera del modelo jurídico de soberanía, y establecer el carácter y la condición de una subjetividad constituida sin recurso a una legalidad

Resumen: Desde sus inicios, la filosofía ha privilegiado el enfoque universal de sus objetos de estudio. La historia, la memoria y la política no han sido la excepción, sino que, por el contrario, al parecer un enfoque de alcance universal es el único que podría aportar un conocimiento certero y objetivo de estos temas. De modo que parecería absurdo renunciar a esta mirada totalizadora a favor de una perspectiva parcial. En contra de esta tendencia tan aceptada, recurro a planteamientos de Michel Foucault para explorar las dificultades que conlleva la pretensión de una perspectiva de estas cuestiones en términos universales y, al mismo tiempo, exponer los beneficios teóricos y los réditos políticos que provienen de adoptar una perspectiva sesgada.: From its beginnings philosophy has favored the universal approach to its objects of study. History, memory and politics have been no exception; on the contrary, it appears that only a universal scope approach can provide us with an accurate and objective knowledge on these topics. Thus, it seems absurd to give up this encompassing and totalizing view to embrace a partial perspective. Against this widely accepted trend, I turn to Michel Foucault’s proposals both to examine the difficulties involved in viewing these issues in universal terms and to uncover the theoretical and political benefits that arise from adopting a biased perspective.

Las investigaciones sobre biopolítica llevadas a cabo por M. Foucault fueron objeto de una amplia recepción entre autores consagrados. Pero, a pesar de tomarlas como punto de partida para sus propios análisis, no se privaron de dirigirle críticas tan severas que obligan a preguntarse cuál es el mérito del abordaje del pensador francés. En este artículo, intentaré refutar esas objeciones y demostrar que su aporte consistió en asociar la conformación del dispositivo con el advenimiento de las gubernamentalidades liberal y neoliberal, mostrando de esta manera la incidencia sobre la vida y la muerte que ejercen ambos marcos de racionalidad política.

A cincuenta años de su publicación, en este artículo se intenta establecer el lugar de _Las palabras y las cosas_ en el primer periodo de la trayectoria de su autor. Para hacerlo, se ha tomado en consideración los desafíos teóricos asumidos, las categorías acuñadas y la perspectiva de abordaje diseñada por Michel Foucault para llevar a cabo su propio programa filosófico. De allí la necesidad de incorporar al análisis otros dos textos relevantes del periodo, a saber, la _Tesis Complementaria_ en dónde, con la excusa de precisar la génesis y estructura de la _Antropología en sentido pragmático_ de Kant, nuestro autor delineó su proyecto y _La arqueología del saber _en el cual explicitó sus herramientas metodológicas. Orientándose a través de esta tríada y sin ignorar los aspectos problemáticos, el artículo procura mostrar la vigencia filosófica del texto que en su momento fue concebido por su autor como “el libro de los signos”

El Nacimiento de la Clínica ha sido uno de los textos menos comentados de Michel Foucault. En efecto, publicado entre dos de los trabajos más celebres de su autor, el libro dedicado a trazar la arqueología de la mirada médica fue objeto de una muy escasa recepción. Tal vez por ello podría pasar por un texto menor, de escasa relevancia en su trayectoria, sin repercusiones en el debate filosófico de su tiempo y, visto su enfoque histórico, privado de toda actualidad. Pero, contra este prejuicio, en este artículo, se pondrá en consideración el aporte de esta obra al diseño de la perspectiva arqueológica, los alcances y las limitaciones de la postura filosófica expuesta allí y la vigencia que la reciente discusión biopolítica le ha restituido.