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2059Hedges: A study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts (review)Journal of Philosophical Logic 2 (4). 1973.
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385The Contemporary Theory of MetaphorIn Andrew Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press. pp. 202-251. 1993.
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244The brain's concepts: The role of the sensory-motor system in conceptual knowledgeCognitive Neuropsychology 22 (3-4): 455-479. 2007.Concepts are the elementary units of reason and linguistic meaning. They are conventional and relatively stable. As such, they must somehow be the result of neural activity in the brain. The questions are: Where? and How? A common philosophical position is that all concepts—even concepts about action and perception—are symbolic and abstract, and therefore must be implemented outside the brain’s sensory-motor system. We will argue against this position using (1) neuroscientific evidence; (2) resu…Read more
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219Explaining Embodied Cognition ResultsTopics in Cognitive Science 4 (4): 773-785. 2012.From the late 1950s until 1975, cognition was understood mainly as disembodied symbol manipulation in cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and the nascent field of Cognitive Science. The idea of embodied cognition entered the field of Cognitive Linguistics at its beginning in 1975. Since then, cognitive linguists, working with neuroscientists, computer scientists, and experimental psychologists, have been developing a neural theory of thought and language (NTTL). Central t…Read more
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214Linguistics and natural logicSynthese 22 (1-2). 1970.Evidence is presented to show that the role of a generative grammar of a natural language is not merely to generate the grammatical sentences of that language, but also to relate them to their logical forms. The notion of logical form is to be made sense of in terms a natural logic, a logical for natural language, whose goals are to express all concepts capable of being expressed in natural language, to characterize all the valid inferences that can be made in natural language, and to mesh with …Read more
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146Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don'tUniversity of Chicago Press. 1996._Moral Politics_ takes a fresh look at how we think and talk about political and moral ideas. George Lakoff analyzed recent political discussion to find that the family—especially the ideal family—is the most powerful metaphor in politics today. Revealing how family-based moral values determine views on diverse issues as crime, gun control, taxation, social programs, and the environment, George Lakoff looks at how conservatives and liberals link morality to politics through the concept of family…Read more
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142More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic MetaphorJournal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 48 (3): 260-261. 1990.
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140Cognitive semanticsIn Umberto Eco (ed.), Meaning and Mental Representations, Indiana University Press. pp. 119--154. 1988.
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121Metaphors we live byUniversity of Chicago Press. 1980.The now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by"--metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever …Read more
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106Language and EmotionEmotion Review 8 (3): 269-273. 2016.Originally a keynote address at the International Society for Research on Emotion (ISRE) 2013 convention, this article surveys many nonobvious ways that emotion phenomena show up in natural language. One conclusion is that no classical Aristotelian definition of “emotion” in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions is possible. The brain naturally creates radial, not classical categories. As a result, “emotion” is a contested concept. There is no one correct, classical definition of “emotion…Read more
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91The role of the brain in the metaphorical mathematical cognitionBehavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (6): 658-659. 2008.Rips et al. appear to discuss, and then dismiss with counterexamples, the brain-based theory of mathematical cognition given in Lakoff and Nez (2000). Instead, they present another theory of their own that they correctly dismiss. Our theory is based on neural learning. Rips et al. misrepresent our theory as being directly about real-world experience and mappings directly from that experience
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89The Invariance Hypothesis: is abstract reason based on image-schemas?Cognitive Linguistics 1 (1): 39-74. 1990.
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77Metaphor, Morality, and Politics, Or, Why Conservatives Have Left Liberals in the DustSocial Research: An International Quarterly 62. 1995.
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53Mapping the brain's metaphor circuitry: metaphorical thought in everyday reasonFrontiers in Human Neuroscience 8. 2014.
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52Philosophical speculation and cognitive sciencePhilosophical Psychology 2 (1): 55-76. 1989.No abstract
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50Notes on What It Would Take to Understand How One Adverb WorksThe Monist 57 (3): 328-343. 1973.A natural language is a unified and integrated system, and the serious study of one part of the system inevitably involves one in the study of many other parts, if not the system as a whole. For this reason, the study of small, isolated fragments of a language—however necessary, valuable, and difficult this may be—will often make us think that we understand more than we really do. The fact is that you can’t really study one phenomenon adequately without studying a great many other related phenom…Read more
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39Author Reply: Reply to Commentaries on Language and EmotionEmotion Review 8 (3): 284-285. 2016.“Language and Emotion” showed a number of nonobvious ways in which the nature of emotion can be studied via the way that emotions are expressed, mostly unconsciously, in language. The results given there have come mostly from cognitive linguistics, structured neural computation, and embodied cognition taken together. The references given, survey those results and their empirical basis. The commentators have each made contributions to our ultimate understanding of emotion, each from a different f…Read more
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38The Metaphorical Structure of the Human Conceptual SystemCognitive Science 4 (2): 195-208. 1980.
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27Repartee, or a Reply to 'Negation, Conjunction and Quantifiers'Foundations of Language 6 (3): 389-422. 1970.
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26Kinesthetic Image SchemasIn Jan Wöpking, Christoph Ernst & Birgit Schneider (eds.), Diagrammatik-Reader: Grundlegende Texte Aus Theorie Und Geschichte, De Gruyter. pp. 106-108. 2016.
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22Instrumental Adverbs and the Concept of Deep StructureFoundations of Language 4 (1): 4-29. 1968.
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16Cognitive Linguistics Symposium Gilles FauconnierIn Garrison W. Cottrell (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 18--15. 1996.
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16Smolensky, semantics, and the sensorimotor systemBehavioral and Brain Sciences 11 (1): 39-40. 1988.