Cornell University
Sage School of Philosophy
PhD, 1961
Irvine, California, United States of America
  •  4
    The problem of economic justice is the division and distribution of income and wealth. Is a just distribution an equal distribution, or are some unequal distributions just, and if so which ones? We critically examine what the ideal theories of justice of Aristotle and Rawls say or imply about a just distribution of wealth and income in the best of circumstances. Rawls’ contractarian view takes strict equality to be the benchmark of justice; Aristotle’s teleological theory claims that the equalit…Read more
  •  2
    Plato on Pleasure as the Human Good
    In Hugh H. Benson (ed.), A Companion to Plato, Blackwell. 2006.
    This chapter contains sections titled: The Attractions of Hedonism Plato's Objections to Hedonism Plato's Own View of the Value of Pleasure Note.
  •  1
    Plato: Ethics
    In Christopher Shields (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy, Blackwell. 2003.
    This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Great Questions of Ethics in the Republic Theories of Justice and Happiness Plato Opposes and their Methods Plato's own Theory of Justice and Happiness and his own Methods Conclusion References and Recommended Reading.
  • This chapter contains sections titled: The Blindfold of Justice Does Plato's Justice wear a Blindfold? The Gender Blindfold of Plato's Justice Was Plato an Advocate of Women's Rights? Was He a Feminist?
  •  3
    This chapter contains sections titled: The Analogy between a Just City and a Just Soul Plato's Analysis of the Human Psyche Parts of the Human Psyche: Faculties or Agents? Just, Temperate, Brave, and Wise Human Souls Plato's Ideal of Rationality The Virtues and Vices of the City‐soul Analogy.
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    Introduction
    In Understanding Plato's Republic, Wiley‐blackwell. 2010.
    This chapter contains sections titled: The Dialogue Style and the Characters The Main Argument and Plot of the Republic The Fundamental Ideas of the Republic.
  •  5
    This chapter contains sections titled: Political Equalities and Economic Inequalities Platonic Knowledge and Democratic Ruling Plato's Criticisms of Democratic Freedoms Plato's Democratic Character: Freedom and Equality in the Human Psyche Plato's Criticisms of his Democratic Character.
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    This chapter contains sections titled: Why does Thrasymachus Think that Justice is the Interest of the Rulers? Socrates' Refutations of Thrasymachus' Premises Is [the] Justice [of Thrasymachus] Good for Me? Thrasymachus Unconvinced, Socrates Dissatisfied. What Has Gone Wrong?
  •  3
    This chapter contains sections titled: What is Justice? Socrates Divides the Question What is a Just Society? The Problem of Justice, and How Socrates Tries to Solve It The Functional Theory of Good and Virtue Plato's Definitions of Justice and the other Virtues of his Completely Good City Return to Plato's Methods for Discovering Justice.
  •  3
    This chapter contains sections titled: Is Plato's Social Justice Justice at all? Is Plato's Political Justice Better for me than the Justice of Thrasymachus or the Justice of Plato's Brothers? Is Plato's Political Justice Good for All the Citizens? Plato's Defense of his Just Person: The Sachs Problem The Defense of Justice as the Health of the Soul The Defense of the Just Life as the Pleasantest.
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    This chapter contains sections titled: Ideals as Standards and their Approximations The Paradox of the Philosopher‐king: Knowledge and Political Power Knowledge and Opinions Platonic Forms and Physical Particulars Plato's Theory of the Form of the Good Knowledge of Good How Elitist is Plato's Completely Good City?
  • This chapter contains sections titled: What is Justice? Glaucon's Theory of a Social Contract Glaucon and Thrasymachus on what Justice is: Results and Methods Why should I be Just?
  •  22
    Book reviews (review)
    with Renate Holub, Johann P. Sommerville, Peter Burke, Babette E. Babich, Jolanta T. Pekacz, Sabine Wichert, Paul Douglas, Richard J. Aldrich, Alan Ford, Vincent Geoghegan, Keith Bradley, Lucia M. Palmer, Donald J. Dietrich, John L. Stanley, John Cottingham, Benjamin F. Martin, Bernard D. Freydberg, Grace Seiberling, John E. Weakland, Ilana Krausman Ben‐Amos, Charles Senn Taylor, Claire Honess, Jos J. L. Gommans, Ceri Crossley, Hans Derxs, Alexander Ulanov, Georges Denis Zimmermann, David Boonin‐Vail, Ellen O'Gorman, Robert M. Burns, Fredric S. Zuckerman, James A. Aho, Harvey Chisick, Stuart Rowland, Gabriel P. Weisberg, David W. Cohen, Michael Goodich, Ignazio Corsaro, Greg Walker, Keith D. White, Henry Wasser, Noel Gray, Henk de Weerd, Steven Nadler, Joseph P. Ward, Susan Rosa, David J. Parent, and Paul Lawrence Färber
    The European Legacy 1 (8): 2290-2352. 1996.
  •  3
    15. Does Aristotle Have a Virtue Ethics?
    In Daniel Statman (ed.), Virtue Ethics: A Critical Reader, Edinburgh University Press. pp. 260-285. 1997.
  •  14
    Plato on Inequalities, Justice, and Democracy
    In Gerasimos Santas & Georgios Anagnostopoulos (eds.), Democracy, Justice, and Equality in Ancient Greece: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives, Springer Verlag. pp. 161-177. 2018.
    The paper focuses on Plato’s treatment of equality and inequalities in his best constitution in the Republic and in the second best constitution in the Laws. Plato was aware of the equality solution and various inequalities solutions to the problem of distributing political offices, the burdens of defense, other careers, and property and wealth. In his best constitution he rejected participatory democracy’s solution of equality of political offices, and also rejected inequality distributions of …Read more
  •  5
    How Plato Reasoned about Justice in his Politeia
    Politeia 1 (2): 27-44. 2019.
  •  5
    Justice, Law, and Women in Plato's Republic
    Philosophical Inquiry 27 (1-2): 25-37. 2005.
  •  9
    The main conversation in the Laches is about courage. But the main conversation does not begin till the middle of the dialogue. In the first half Plato sets the stage for the serious discussion that follows. Two elder men of Athens, Lysimachus and Melesias, are worried about the education of their sons. They themselves are the sons of two eminent Athenians, Thucydides and Aristides, and they feel that while their famous fathers conducted the affairs of the city with great energy they did not sho…Read more
  •  2
    Introduction
    In Gerasimos Santas & Georgios Anagnostopoulos (eds.), Democracy, Justice, and Equality in Ancient Greece: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives, Springer Verlag. pp. 1-13. 2018.
    Ancient Greek democracies, especially the one that flourished in Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries, were highly participatory—all decisions were directly made by the citizens themselves—and egalitarian—every citizen had an equal political share. This kind of democratic structure, considered by many a revolution in political thought and practice, appeared in the ancient Greek world after many centuries during which city-states were ruled by kingships, aristocracies, oligarchies, or tyranni…Read more
  •  34
    The original essays in this volume discuss ideas relating to democracy, political justice, equality and inequalities in the distribution of resources and public goods. These issues were as vigorously debated at the height of ancient Greek democracy as they are in many democratic societies today. Contributing authors address these issues and debates about them from both philosophical and historical perspectives. Readers will discover research on the role of Athenian democracy in moderating econom…Read more
  •  40
    Economic Inequalities and Justice: Plato and Rawls
    Philosophical Inquiry 42 (3-4): 2-27. 2018.
  •  2
    Socrates: Philosophy in Plato's Early Dialogues
    Mind 89 (355): 441-443. 1980.
  • Socrates: Philosophy in Plato's Early Dialogues
    with A. D. Woozley
    Ethics 91 (4): 651-664. 1981.
  • Goodness and Justice: Plato, Aristotle, and the Moderns
    The Journal of Ethics 8 (4): 467-470. 2004.
  •  2
    Socrates-Arg Philosophers
    Routledge. 1979.
    First Published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
  • Socrates-Arg Philosophers
    Routledge. 1979.
    First Published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company