•  12
    Ethics Based on Primacy of Existence (Aṣālat al-Wujūd) with a Focus on Mullā Sadrā's Primacy of Existence
    with Manouchehr Shaminejad
    Journal of Philosophical Investigations 17 (45): 99-115. 2023.
    This research endeavors to introduce a novel concept in ethics, namely ethics based on the primacy of existence, drawing upon Aṣālat al-wujūd, the theory of the primacy of existence in ontology. Mullā Sadrā's philosophy, which has three basic tenets—the primacy of existence, substantial motion (Ḥarakat-i Juharī), and gradation in existence (Tashkīk-i wujūd)—is the basis for this doctrine. The primacy of existence holds that quiddity is a mental construct and that existence is fundamental. The wr…Read more
  •  40
    God in Plato's Philosophy
    with Tayebeh Shaddel and Mansour Imanpour
    Philosophical Investigations 15 (34): 178-197. 2021.
    There are different meanings of the word “God” that have been used by philosophers throughout the history of philosophy, such as theism, pantheism, panentheism, deism, and etc. The subject of this paper is the concept of “God” in Plato’s philosophy. Considering Plato’s different treatises that have the most theological material, it can be said that he has not meant a single concept of this word. In The Republic, given the characteristics that have been attributed to God, like simplicity, transce…Read more
  •  94
    In this paper, the attributes of Jesus as the second person of Trinity in Christianity and Muhammadan Reality in Islamic Theosophy were compared. The term ''Muhammadan Reality'' in Islamic Theosophy refers to transcendental and divine being of Muhammad rather than his human and historic existence. According to this research, both Jesus and Muhammadan Realities have divine attributes. They are lights of God, the Word or the Pen of God, the creators of the word, omniscience, omnipotent, omnibenevo…Read more
  •  426
    Although some Muslim scholars have been affected in their ethical system by ancient Greek philosophers, they have also added some Islamic teachings to it and established a combined ethical system (philosophical and religious). Raghib Isfahani, the author of Al-Dharīʿa, is one of these Muslim scholars whose ethical system in this book should be regarded as a combined Islamic Virtue Ethics. It is the combination of Quranic and Philosophical Virtue Ethics. The general framework of his theory is phi…Read more
  •  277
    An Argument in Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia
    Philosophical Investigations 13 (28): 221-234. 2019.
    One of the most challenging issues in medical ethics is a permission or prohibition of euthanasia. Is a patient with an incurable disease who has lots of pain permitted to kill oneself or ask others to do that? The main reason advanced by the opponents is the absolute prohibition of murder. Accordingly, the meaning of murder plays a key role in determining the moral judgment of euthanasia. The aim of this paper is to confirm the role of intention in moral judgment of euthanasia and eliminate the…Read more
  •  256
    Muslim Moralists’ Contributions to Moderation Theory in Ethics
    Journal of Ethical Reflections 1 (2): 69-92. 2020.
    Originally introduced by Plato and Aristotle, Moderation Theory in Ethics is the most prevalent theory of ethics among Islamic scholars. Moderation Theory suggests that every virtue or excellence of character lies in the mean between two vices: excess or defect. Every ethical virtue comes from moderation in actions or emotions and every ethical vice comes from excess or defect. This paper suggests that while Islamic scholars have been influenced by this doctrine, they have also developed and re-…Read more
  •  129
    مراتب خلقت از دیدگاه آیات و روایات
    Journal of Philosophical-Theological Research 6 (22-23): 58-80. 2005.
    مطابق آیات و روایات، عالم تکوین در دو بخش عالم انوار و عالم اجسام خلق شده است. عالم اجسام متوقف و وابسته به عالم انوار و عالم انوار مدبر آن است. اولین مخلوق خداوند، نور وجودی حضرت محمد صلی‌الله‌علیه‌و‌آله است که همه چیز از آن‌پیدا شده و اصل عالم خلقت است. تعابیر مختلفی چون عقل، نور، روح و قلم درباره آن به کار رفته است. انوار حضرت امیرالمؤمنین علیه‌السلام ، فاطمه علیهاالسلام ، ائمه اطهار، انوار 124 هزار پیامبر، عرش، کرسی، لوح، بهشت و انوار مؤمنین از نور وجودی پیامبر اکرم صلی‌الله‌علیه‌و‌آله آفرید…Read more
  •  194
    Qadi `Abdul-Jabbar al-Mu`tazili's Moral Theory
    Journal of Philosophical-Theological Reseach 9 (33): 53-96. 2007.
    Abstract Qadi `Abdul-Jabbar, although has come to be Known as a Mu`tazili theologian, can be certainly mentioned as a moral philosopher by attention to his ethical views in the theological books. The paper is going to present his ethical opinions concerning normative ethics and Meta-ethics. It shows that `Abdul-Jabbar is a rationalist moral philosopher, who considers reason as the origin of moral obligations, and as the means of evaluating the rightness and wrongfulness of actions. Moreover, he…Read more
  •  198
    A Study and Critique of the «Tark-i Awlà» Approach in Justifying Prophets' Lapses
    Journal of Philosophical-Theological Research 20 (76): 29-56. 2018.
    Abstract This article delves into the study of the term «tark-i awlà» (abandoning performance of that which is better and doing that which is less than better) as an approach for defending the infallibility of the prophets when confronting verses from the Holy Qur‘ān that apparently prove the prophets committed sins; and after going into the semantics of «tark-i awlà», the following question has been made the focus of discussion and study: are the intellectual arguments proving the infalliblity …Read more
  •  247
    Christine Korsgaard’s Constructivism
    Journal of Philosophical Investigations 12 (25): 1-20. 2019.
    Constructivism is a theory that believes moral judgments are not real things but they are constructed by practical reason in a rational procedure for resolving practical problems in front of us. Christine Korsgaard, a contemporary American philosopher, is a Kantian constructivist, whose theory I consider in this paper. She is a radical constructivist and disagrees with moral realism and denies moral truths even as abstract facts. According to Korsgaard moral judgments are constructed by rational…Read more
  •  1191
    The Meaning of White Lie
    Journal of Philosophical Investigations at University of Tabriz 7 (12): 1-25. 2013.
    There is no doubt that “lying” is an unethical practice. But, in some situations, such as; where the life of an innocent person to be at risk, it is considered permissible by both the intelligence and law. The “white lie”, for ordinary people, is the lie that is permissible. But this term has become a victim of personal interpretations. As a result, many of non-permissible lies in the intelligence and law's view, because of the personal interpretation of white lie, have been considered permissib…Read more
  •  329
    Islamic Ethics and the Doctrine of the Mean
    Journal of Philosophical Investigations at University of Tabriz 8 (14): 131-147. 2014.
    Originally introduced by Plato and Aristotle, the doctrine of the mean is the most prevalent theory of ethics among Islamic scholars. According to this doctrine, every virtue or excellence of character lies in the observance of the mean, whereas vices are the excess or deficiency of the soul in his functions. Islamic scholars have been influenced by the doctrine, but they have also developed and re-conceptualized it in innovative ways. Kindi, Miskawayh, Avicenna, Raghib Isfahani, Nasir al-Din Tu…Read more
  •  2080
    Intention Involvement in the Nature of Plagiarism
    International Journal of Ethics and Society (IJES) 2 (1): 1-7. 2019.
    Background: This article addressed one of the issues of research ethics that is called the nature of plagiarism coupled with involvement of intention. By definition, plagiarism is the attribution of others’ works to one’s own. This may be done intentionally and/or unintentionally. Some researchers believe that intention is not involved in the nature of plagiarism and an author who forgets to make references to the used sources has committed plagiarism since this forgetfulness has led to the attr…Read more