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7On the social and personal value of existenceIn Iwao Hirose & Andrew Evan Reisner (eds.), Weighing and Reasoning: Themes From the Philosophy of John Broome, Oxford University Press Uk. pp. 95-109. 2015.If a potential person would have a good life if he were to come into existence, can we coherently regard his coming into existence as better for him than his never coming into existence? And can we regard the situation in which he never comes into existence as worse for him? In this paper, we argue that both questions should be answered affirmatively. We also explain where prominent arguments to differing conclusions go wrong. Finally, we explore the relevance of our answers to issues in populat…Read more
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5On the social and personal value of existenceIn Iwao Hirose & Andrew Evan Reisner (eds.), Weighing and Reasoning: Themes From the Philosophy of John Broome, Oxford University Press Uk. pp. 95-109. 2015.If a potential person would have a good life if he were to come into existence, can we coherently regard his coming into existence as better for him than his never coming into existence? And can we regard the situation in which he never comes into existence as worse for him? In this paper, we argue that both questions should be answered affirmatively. We also explain where prominent arguments to differing conclusions go wrong. Finally, we explore the relevance of our answers to issues in populat…Read more
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6Skepticism about Value AggregationIn Iwao Hirose & Jonas Olson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory, Oxford University Press Usa. 2015.Critics of utilitarianism and other forms of consequentialism often reject the aggregation of goods and bads across different individuals. This chapter critically examines their arguments against interpersonal aggregation. It begins by offering a clear definition of interpersonal aggregation and elucidating its theoretical structure. Then it argues against two types of objections to aggregation. The first is the argument from counterexamples and the other is the argument from the separateness of…Read more
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9Introduction to Value TheoryIn Iwao Hirose & Jonas Olson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory, Oxford University Press Usa. 2015.This introduction characterizes and positions value theory, or axiology, as a philosophical discipline. It identifies its central issues and explains how value theory overlaps partly with other areas of moral philosophy, such as metaethics and normative etics, and how it relates other areas of philosophy. The introduction also explains how value theory branches out to disciplines outside of philosophy, especially to economic theory. The Handbook is divided into three main parts, and section I.1 …Read more
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Shlomi SegallIn Carl Knight & Zofia Stemplowska (eds.), Responsibility and distributive justice, Oxford University Press. 2011.
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14Value superiorityIn Iwao Hirose & Jonas Olson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory, Oxford University Press Usa. pp. 225-248. 2015.
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9The value of existenceIn Iwao Hirose & Jonas Olson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory, Oxford University Press Usa. pp. 424-444. 2015.
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84The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory (edited book)Oxford University Press USA. 2015.Value theory, or axiology, looks at what things are good or bad, how good or bad they are, and, most fundamentally, what it is for a thing to be good or bad. Questions about value and about what is valuable are important to moral philosophers, since most moral theories hold that we ought to promote the good. This Handbook focuses on value theory as it pertains to ethics, broadly construed, and provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary debates pertaining not only to philosophy but also to…Read more
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11The meaning of "darn it!"In Iwao Hirose & Andrew Evan Reisner (eds.), Weighing and Reasoning: Themes From the Philosophy of John Broome, Oxford University Press Uk. pp. 129-139. 2015.
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44Minimally good life and the human right to healthDeveloping World Bioethics 24 (1): 10-14. 2024.In Global Health Impact: Extending Access to Essential Medicines, Nicole Hassoun argues that the concept of a minimally good life grounds the human right to health, which in turn implies the human right to access essential medicines in developing countries. This article argues that Hassoun's argument must be revised. If the temporal unit of a minimally good life is identified, her argument faces a substantive problem, which undermines an important part of her argument. This article then proposes…Read more
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15The Americans with Disabilities Act and Health Care AllocationProblema. Anuario de Filosofía y Teoria Del Derecho 1 (4): 107-125. 2010.In this article, I will propose a theoretical argument for the prohibition of unequal treatment of disabled and non-disabled individuals in health care resource allocation. I will first consider an argument for unequal treatment, which was put forward by Singer et al, and elucidate its far-reaching scope. I will then use the same argument in order to derive an argument that would prohibit unequal treatment of disabled and non-disabled individuals in almost all cases of health care allocation.Res…Read more
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14パンデミック対策は何を目的とし、どのような基準と論理で行われるべきなのか? WHOの倫理指針の作成に携わった経験から分析。
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20The ethics of pandemics: an introductionRoutledge. 2022.The recent Covid-19 pandemic has brought a broad range of ethical problems to the forefront, raising fundamental questions about the role of government in response to such outbreaks, the scarcity and allocation of health care resources, the unequal distribution of health risks and economic impacts, and the extent to which individual freedom can be restricted. In this clear introduction to the topic Iwao Hirose explores these ethical questions and analyzes the central issues in the ethics of pand…Read more
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52Weighing and Reasoning: Themes From the Philosophy of John Broome (edited book)Oxford University Press UK. 2015.John Broome has made major contributions to, and radical innovations in, contemporary moral philosophy. His research combines the formal method of economics with the philosophical analysis. Broome's works stretch over formal axiology, decision theory, philosophy of economics, population axiology, the value of life, the ethics of climate change, the nature of rationality, and practical and theoretical reasoning. Weighing and Reasoning brings together fifteen original essays from leading philosoph…Read more
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35Intertemporal Distributive JudgementEthical Theory and Moral Practice 8 (4): 371-386. 2005.This paper considers the simple two-person two-period case of distributive judgement, and argues (a) that sensible intertemporal distributive principle should consider both the distribution of people's life time well-being and the distribution of people's well-being at each period and (b) that, if (a) is correct, Egalitarianism is more acceptable than Prioritarianism since the latter must choose either one.
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45Review of Serena Olsaretti, Liberty, Desert, and the Market: A Philosophical Study (review)Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2006 (4). 2006.
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378Aggregation and the Separateness of PersonsUtilitas 25 (2): 182-205. 2013.Many critics of utilitarianism claim that we should reject interpersonal aggregation because aggregative principles do not take the separateness of persons seriously. In this article, I will reject this claim. I will first elucidate the theoretical structure of aggregation. I will then consider various interpretations of the notion of the separateness of persons and clarify what exactly those critics are trying to reject by appealing to the notion of the separateness of persons. I will argue tha…Read more
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2Why be formal?In David Leopold & Marc Stears (eds.), Political theory: methods and approaches, Oxford University Press. 2008.
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24Moral AggregationOup Usa. 2014.This book elucidates the theoretical structure and scope of interpersonal and intra-personal aggregation--a trade-off between benefits to a group of individuals and losses to another group of individuals--and defends a form of aggregation -- formal aggregation -- that resolves a variety of outstanding problems arising from the conventional understanding of aggregation, including the Number Problem concerning the moral relevance of the number of individuals.
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19EgalitarianismRoutledge. 2014.Some people are worse off than others. Does this fact give rise to moral concern? Egalitarianism claims that it does, for a wide array of reasons. It is one of the most important and hotly debated problems in moral and political philosophy, occupying a central place in the work of John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, G. A. Cohen and Derek Parfit. It also plays an important role in practical contexts such as the allocation of health care resources, the design of education and tax systems, and the pursuit of…Read more
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107Weighted lotteries in life and death casesRatio 20 (1). 2007.Faced with a choice between saving one stranger and saving a group of strangers, some people endorse weighted lotteries, which give a strictly greater chance of being saved to the group of strangers than the single stranger. In this paper I attempt to criticize this view. I first consider a particular version of the weighted lotteries, Frances Kamm's procedure of proportional chances, and point out two implausible implications of her proposal. Then, I consider weighted lotteries in general, and …Read more
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65Persons, Interests, and Justice, Nils Holtug, Oxford University Press, 2010, 356 pages (review)Economics and Philosophy 28 (1): 98-102. 2012.Book Reviews Iwao Hirose, Economics and Philosophy, FirstView Article
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56The Ethics of Health Care Rationing: An IntroductionRoutledge. 2014.Should organ transplants be given to patients who have waited the longest, or need it most urgently, or those whose survival prospects are the best? The rationing of health care is universal and inevitable, taking place in poor and affluent countries, in publicly funded and private health care systems. Someone must budget for as well as dispense health care whilst aging populations severely stretch the availability of resources. The Ethics of Health Care Rationing is a clear and much-needed intr…Read more
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76In this dissertation, I discuss two distributive principles in moral philosophy: Derek Parfit's Prioritarianism and Egalitarianism. I attempt to defend a version of Egalitarianism, which I call Weighted Egalitarianism. Although Parfit claims that Egalitarianism is subject to what he calls the Levelling Down Objection, I show that my proposed Weighted Egalitarianism is not subject to the Objection, and that it gives priority to the worse off people. The real difference between the two principles …Read more
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107Reconsidering the value of equalityAustralasian Journal of Philosophy 87 (2): 301-312. 2009.Some people believe that the equality of people's well-being makes an outcome better, other things being constant. Call this Telic Egalitarianism. In this paper I will propose a new interpretation of Telic Egalitarianism, and compare it with the interpretation that is proposed by Derek Parfit 1995 and widely accepted by many philosophers. I will argue that my proposed interpretation is more plausible than Parfit's. One of the virtues in my interpretation is that it shows his Levelling Down Objec…Read more
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116Review article: Aggregation and non-utilitarian moral theoriesJournal of Moral Philosophy 4 (2): 273-284. 2007.
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220Aggregation and numbersUtilitas 16 (1): 62-79. 2004.This article considers the reach of arguments for saving the greater number without interpersonal aggregation, and argues that interpersonal aggregation is useful to encompass the proper respect due to each separate person. I first give a precise definition of interpersonal aggregation, which many non-utilitarians try to avoid. Then, I show that consequentialism and Scanlon can justify the case for the greater number without interpersonal aggregation. However, I propose the Aggregation Approach,…Read more