Luiz Oliveira

This paper aims to raise some arguments used by Habermas in his Postmetaphysical Thinking so that we can from this make a critical assessment of the role he claims to the problem of subjectivity in the light of his thesis of individuation by socialization. First, we will present the theoretical and historical assumptions on which the Habermasian project is based, for example, Habermas' use of Mead's social theory, and then compare it to the tradition to which it was opposed. We will then try to clarify certain trends of the time, reinforced mainly by Habermas' theory, such as the notion of reducing subjectivity to socialization, comparing them with the main elements of the metaphysical theories of subjectivity that had dominated the discourse of modernity. As we will see, the midpoint that bifurcates both perspectives will be the attitude with which each one behaves in the face of problems arising from the reflexive circle of subjectivity, thematizing the possibility of a non-propositional knowledge.

O presente texto constitui-se como resenha do livro Foucault: pensador transversátil, de Laerthe de Moraes Abreu Junior. A obra reúne ensaios sobre diversos temas e conceitos presentes no pensamento foucaultiano, desde os mais conhecidos, como humanismo, ética, violência, sujeição e poder, até aqueles sobre os quais os estudiosos costumam se debruçar com menor frequência, caso dos escritos do filósofo francês sobre as artes plásticas, o cinema, a literatura e a música. O tratamento dado a esses temas revela como por trás de sua pulverização e da aparente desconexão entre eles há uma obra caracterizada pela versatilidade e transversalidade de um pensador dedicado a compreender como o homem se tornou aquilo que é.

Este trabalho apresenta uma interpretação acerca do papel sistemático do movimento lógico na fi- losofia madura de Hegel, bem como, a partir disso, oferece uma hipótese histórico-genética para a compreensão do desenvolvimento da unificação de lógica e metafísica aplicada de maneira consolidada, primeiramente, na Fenomenologia do Espírito. Mais especificamente, extraímos da diferenciação entre a Lógica (die Logik) e o lógico (das logische) um recurso para explicação da noção metacategorial que Hegel possui de seu método de negação autônoma estendido tanto à lógica, quanto à filosofia da natureza e à filosofia do espírito como disciplinas diversas. Doravante, mostraremos como a compreensão metacategorial da negação tem seu surgimento a partir dos ajustes sistemáticos que Hegel realiza ainda em Jena e como a plena aplicação deste método funcionava como ponto resolução de seus impasses filosóficos.

Résumé: J’entends inaugurer ici une nouvelle méthode de lecture de la psychanalyse. Il s’agît d’intercaler entre les pages des écrits théoriques de Freud, celles de ses correspondances. Souvent les lettres de Freud lui servent de laboratoire. Il y ébauche et teste les hypothèses qui deviendront sa théorie. Il les annonce, attend les réactions de ses correspondants, reformule, s’exaspère, se réjouit, abandonne. Si grise est toute théorie et printanière l’expérience créatrice, force est de constater que fréquemment pour Freud la théorie est aussi efflorescente. D’autres psychanalystes reprennent ses idées. Il n’est pas rare que le concept de métapsychologie soit l’objet d’une véritable inflation dans certains écrits psychanalytiques, d’un culte même. C’est alors une ritournelle, un mantra qui sert à tout expliquer. C’est un mot savant, un shibboleth, un « mot particulier, ou façon de prononcer un mot, propre à une nation, une confrérie ou à un cercle particulier », aussi, par extension, une profession ou tout groupe. « Les Éphraïmites qui, au bord du Jourdain, voulaient passer et ne savaient pas prononcer ce mot difficile à la façon des Galaadites, étaient ainsi reconnus et massacrés. »[1] C’est donc aussi un mot de guerre et de ralliement.Métapsychologie est un mot créé ou remis en circulation par Freud, il est presque un synonyme de psychanalyse. Et pourtant -ou même, et donc- l’une comme l’autre gardent des surprises. Leur richesse proviendrait surtout de leur valeur heuristique, qu’il convient d’épargner. « Economie, Horatio… », dit Hamlet à son compagnon. Et Freud le cite comme un secret du mot d’esprit.Mots-clés: psychanalyse; métapsychologie; Freud; théorie. Abstract: I will try to launch here a new method of reading psychoanalysis. My aim is to insert between the pages of Freud’s theoretical writings the sheets of his letters. Quite often Freud’s correspondences are sort of laboratories. He draws and test in his letters hypothesis which will become his theories. He announces them, he waits for his friends reactions, he reformulates his thesis, he gets infuriated, he expresses his pleasure, he puts them aside. If grey is all theory and spring embalms creation, we have to recognize that quite often Freud’s theory blooms. New psychoanalysts gather his ideas. Frequently the concept of metapsychology is inflated in psychoanalytical writings, it becomes a fetish, a cult object. It becomes a jingle, a mantra, it is supposed to explain everything. It becomes a long word, a shibboleth, a particular word or a way of pronouncing a word, which distinguishes members of in-groups from those of outgroups. In the Bible, Ephraimites who wanted to cross the Jordan had to pronounce this word shibboleth which they did in a different way than Gileadites, who would then kill them. Thus, shibboleth is also a war word, a rallying word. Metapsychology is a word created or renewed by Freud, almost a synonym of psychoanalysis. And hence – or even, therefore – both hide their surprises. Their richness comes from their heuristic value, that we better spare. “Thrift, Horatio, thrift”[2], remarked Freud. Key words: Psychoanalysis; Metapsychology; Freud; Theory.[1] https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/shibboleth.[2] W. Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 1, scene 2, quoted by S. Freud, Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious.