Muhammad Iqbal H Iqbal

_This study examines the proposition that exports cause growth in gross domestic product GDP in the economy of Pakistan from 1973 to 2022. The study intends to analyze the export promotion strategy that was adopted by Pakistan's economy in the 1990s. Cointegration test reveals there is a long-run relationship between these two variables. However, causality is proved in both short and long-run from GDP to exports. The Trade openness and export growth both are prolonged association but in case of Pakistan persistent depreciation of PKR could not achieve desired level of export earning which implies that J-Curve theory does not exist in Pakistan. This implies that growth in the domestic production base is vital to expansion in exports. The government or policymakers should give importance to and incentivize various production sectors of an economy so that they can contribute to the expansion of export markets._.

Radial growth has long been a subject of interest in tree biology research. Recent studies have brought a significant change in the understanding of some basic processes characteristic to the vascular cambium, a meristem that produces secondary vascular tissues (phloem and xylem) in woody plants. A new hypothesis regarding the mechanism of intrusive growth of the cambial initials, which has been ratified by studies of the arrangement of cambial cells, negates the influence of this apical cell growth on the expansion of the cambial circumference. Instead, it suggests that the tip of the elongating cambial initial intrudes between the tangential (periclinal) walls, rather than the radial (anticlinal) walls, of the initial(s) and its(their) derivative(s) lying ahead of the elongating cell tip. The new concept also explains the hitherto obscure mechanism of the cell event called ‘elimination of initials’. This article evaluates these new concepts of the cambial cell dynamics and offers a new interpretation for some curious events occurring in the cambial meristem in relation to the radial growth in woody plants.

The article focused on the study of religious moderation based on values of moderation in three Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren) in Southeast Sulawesi, namely Pesantren al-Muhajirin Darussalam Konawe, Pesantren Ummu Sabri Kendari, and Pesantren Darul Mukhlisin Kendari. Therefore, a qualitative approach was used with a case study design -the techniques of collecting data used in interviews, participatory observations, field notes, and documentation. Data analysis in this article was done using interactive data analysis by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. This study found that the construction of religious moderation in the pesantren emerged from the basis of religious textual-scriptural combined with the performance of rationality (reason). This combination emerges to a dialogical pattern of harmony between the text and the context to color the behavior and social actions of the community. Precisely this attitude of religious moderation can prevent residents of Islamic boarding schools from behaving radically both in attitude and thought, so the outputs of pesantren can accept all forms of differences in religion and respect the beliefs believed by others in the community. This attitude of religious moderation in the pesantren also emerges in religious behavior that is tolerant and respectful of differences in society.

«La reconstrucción del pensamiento religioso en el islam» es una obra fundamental del reformismo islámico de la primera mitad del siglo xx. Es quizás el primer gran intento dentro del mundo islámico de pensar a fondo y sin prejuicios los retos planteados por la modernidad occidental, y ello sin traicionar la propia tradición del islam y sus fuentes. El diálogo honesto con la filosofía, la psicología, la biología y la física occidentales ocupa buena parte de la obra, poniendo de relieve la sagacidad espiritual e intelectual de la tradición islámica. Iqbal tiende un puente entre esta tradición y el pensamiento de autores europeos como Bergson o Nietzsche. En este sentido, la obra es el producto de un proceso legítimo y auténtico de interfecundación de culturas. Mención aparte merece la conferencia sobre el principio del movimiento en la estructura del islam, auténtico tratado sobre la dimensión política del islam y una apología de la evolución permanente de la charia. Iqbal proporciona claves plenamente vigentes para la fundamentación de un islam abierto al cambio y comprometido con la igualdad, la solidaridad y la libertad. En su búsqueda de la plena realización del ser humano bajo la guía de la revelación coránica, Iqbal apuesta por un islam a la vez místico, secular y razonable.