Samy S. Abu-Naser

The study aimed to identify the level of organizational performance in ceramic companies in the Tenth of Ramadan City, where the researchers used the descriptive analytical method, through a questionnaire distributed. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: the presence of a clear consensus of the study sample from the members of the senior management that all dimensions of the balanced scorecard variable are largely present in the ceramic companies under study, and the results showed the approval of the study sample of workers in an average way on the application of the financial dimension and that it is applied Well, the approval of the study sample of the employees in an average way that tends to decline on the degree of application of the customer dimension and that it is applied by the senior management in an inappropriate way, the approval of the study sample of the employees in a large way on the degree of application of the internal operations dimension and that it is applied by the senior management in a large and appropriate way, approval The study sample of workers applying the learning and growth dimension is moderately low and it is applied inappropriately by the senior management. The study presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: working on clarifying and translating the vision and strategy of the institution, working on clarifying the strategy and linking it to the goals, planning and setting goals and arranging strategic initiatives, promoting strategic feedback.

The study aimed to identify the reality of the process design management in the local ngos in Gaza Strip. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and to test its hypotheses, the analytical descriptive method was used, relying on the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. The study society is one of the decision makers in the local ngos in Gaza Strip. The study population consisted of 78 local ngos in Gaza Strip. The overall inventory of the possible study community was based mainly on the use of the SPSS in processing and analyzing the data obtained through the survey tool. Smart-PLS was also used to construct the structural equation model (SEM) to analyze the relationship between the variables of the study, the calculation of the direct and indirect effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable through the intermediary variable. The study reached a set of results, the most important: the lack of direct relationship between the management of process design and decision-making, the study found that the design thinking mediates the relationship between the management of process design and decision making with a holistic effect. The study showed the interest of local ngos in creating a good mental image in the local community. The ownership of local ngos to the expertise and technical skills required to implement the projects, and showed the adoption of local ngos in their activities to meet the needs of the beneficiaries and their wishes, and local ngos analyze the problem, and causes, through data relevant to the decision, based on reference data for decision-making. The main recommendations of the study are: the need for senior management to be concerned with local ngos in Gaza Strip; encouraging managers and employees to take care of developing the field of managing the design of operations in their projects, enhancing the creative environment and adding competitive advantage to the organization. The study also recommended that the senior management of local ngos in Gaza Strip adopt the methodology of design thinking because it has an impact on the sustainability of projects, design of the technical feasibility study, meeting the wishes of the beneficiaries, and the continued development of local ngos in Gaza Strip to make sound and sound decisions. Encourage them to follow the scientific methodologies in the decision-making mechanism.

The study aimed to identify Design Thinking and its use in NGOs in Gaza Strip. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and to test its hypotheses, the analytical descriptive method was used, relying on the questionnaire as a main tool for data collection. The study society was one of the decision makers in the local NGOs in the Gaza Strip. The study population reached 78 local NGOs in Gaza Strip. The overall inventory of the possible study community was based mainly on the use of the SPSS in processing and analyzing the data obtained through the survey tool. Smart-PLS was also used to construct the structural equation model (SEM) Analyzing the relationship between study variables. The study found that Design Thinking mediates the relationship between the management of process design and decision making with a holistic effect. The study showed the interest of local NGOs in creating a good mental image in the local community. And the ownership of local NGOs to the expertise and technical skills required to implement the projects, and showed the adoption of local NGOs in their activities to meet the needs of the beneficiaries and their wishes, and local NGOs analyze the problem, and causes, through data relevant to the decision, based on reference data for decision-making. The main recommendations of the study are: The need for senior management in the local NGOs in Gaza Strip to adopt the methodology of design thinking because of its impact on the sustainability of the projects, design the technical feasibility study and meet the wishes of the beneficiaries.

The study aimed to identify e-learning strategies and their relationship for increasing the efficiency of educational performance in foreign and Palestinian universities (University of Ottawa, University of Munster, Suez Canal University, Al-Azhar University, Islamic University, Al-Aqsa University). The analytical descriptive approach was used for this purpose, and relying on the questionnaire as a main tool for data collection. The study society is from the senior management, where the number of senior management in the universities in question is 206. The random stratified sample was selected, and the Statistical Program of Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis. The study found that there is a significant relationship between e-learning strategies and increasing the efficiency of educational performance in universities. The study also showed that senior management in Palestinian universities does not care about providing the appropriate budget for e-learning. The study also showed that senior management in Palestinian universities does not help to adhere to the performance standards set by the university. The study recommended that the senior management of Palestinian universities should provide an e-learning budget and encourage employees to continue using e-learning strategies. It also recommended that senior management should focus on developing measures that would help to increase efficiency of performance.

: Our eyesight is one of your most important senses: 80% of what we perceive comes through our sense of sight. By protecting your eyes, you will reduce the odds of blindness and vision loss, one of things that may cause vision loss is Uveitis. Uveitis is a form of eye inflammation. It affects the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). Uveitis (u-vee-I-tis) warning signs often come on suddenly and get worse quickly. They include eye redness, pain and blurred vision. The condition can affect one or both eyes. It primarily affects people ages 20 to 50, but it may also affect children. Possible causes of uveitis are infection, injury, or an autoimmune or inflammatory disease. Many times a cause can't be identified. Uveitis can be serious, leading to permanent vision loss. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent the complications of uveitis. Because of that we designed an expert system to help people to know if they got Uveitis early after that they can get treatment and they will save their eyes.

The study aimed to identify the role of human resources in interpreting the relationship between the standard of operations in the relationship between the focus on students and beneficiaries in achieving satisfaction of students in Palestinian universities. The study used the analytical descriptive method. The study was conducted on the university leadership in Al-Azhar, The study consisted of (416) individuals. The study sample consisted of (200) individuals, 182 of them responded, and the questionnaire was used in collecting the data. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: There is a statistically significant effect on the adoption of the standard of operations on improving the overall performance in Palestinian universities. "The value of the R Square (42.8%) indicates that (42.8%) of improvement in overall performance is due to the adoption of the standard of operations in universities Subject of study, there is a statistically significant impact on the adoption of the standard of operations on the development of human resources in the Palestinian universities. "The value of the R Square (64.5%) indicates that 64.5% of the adoption of the human resources criterion is due to the adoption by the Palestinian universities of the standard of operations. (50.1%) indicates that 50.1% of the improvement in overall performance is due to the adoption by the Palestinian universities of the criterion of interest in resources Humanity, there is a statistically significant effect of the adoption of the standard of operations on improving overall performance with the interest of human resources as an intermediary variable in Palestinian universities. "The role of human resources was revealed between adopting the standard of operations to improve overall performance. The study presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which is: the increasing focus of universities on human resources through the appropriate form to achieve the goals of the university on the one hand, and the workers on the other hand and in line with the approach of quality and excellence, the universities more attention to the management of operations through the design and development of academic programs The need for universities to plan performance improvement projects and implement them for all standards, especially the results criteria, the need for universities to invest in this good performance in obtaining the Data quality and excellence of international quality institutions, as it has a great impact on the reputation of the university, and what gives the university the momentum to continue improvement and improvement of the performance of the process.

The study aimed to identify the intermediate role of the standard of operations in the relationship between the focus on students and beneficiaries in achieving satisfaction of students in Palestinian universities. The study used the analytical descriptive method. The study was conducted on university leadership in Al-Azhar, Islamic and Al-Aqsa Universities. The study sample consisted of (200) individuals, 182 of whom responded, and the questionnaire was used in collecting the data. The results of the study were as follows: - There is a statistically significant effect on the adoption of the criterion of focus on the students benefiting to achieve the satisfaction of students in the Palestinian universities, where the value of R Square (35.3%), there is a statistically significant effect on the adoption of the criterion of focus on the students benefiting on the use of the standard of operations in Palestinian universities. The value of the R Square is (62.8%), there is a statistically significant impact of the criterion of operations on the satisfaction of students in Palestinian universities. Where the value of the R is (36.2%), there is a significant effect on the adoption of the criterion of emphasis on students benefiting from the satisfaction of students in Palestinian universities with the existence of the standard of operations as an intermediary variable. The role of the mediator in the relationship between the adoptions of the criterion of focus on the students benefiting to achieve the satisfaction of students in Palestinian universities was revealed through the use of Path Analysis. The study presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which is: to increase the focus of the universities on students and beneficiaries in a manner appropriate to achieve the objectives of the university on the one hand, and students and beneficiaries on the other, and in line with the approach of quality and excellence, the universities more attention to the management of operations through the design and development of programs Academic and internal services according to the needs of students, and improving processes in innovative ways to generate added value for students and beneficiaries, the universities have made more efforts to create satisfaction among students and beneficiaries by developing internal performance indicators to measure student satisfaction, Students and other university beneficiaries periodically to improve their satisfaction.

Our eyesight is one of your most important senses: 80% of what we perceive comes through our sense of sight. By protecting your eyes, you will reduce the odds of blindness and vision loss, one of things that may cause vision loss is Uveitis. Uveitis is a form of eye inflammation. It affects the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). Uveitis (u-vee-I-tis) warning signs often come on suddenly and get worse quickly. They include eye redness, pain and blurred vision. The condition can affect one or both eyes. It primarily affects people ages 20 to 50, but it may also affect children. Possible causes of uveitis are infection, injury, or an autoimmune or inflammatory disease. Many times a cause can't be identified. Uveitis can be serious, leading to permanent vision loss. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent the complications of uveitis. Because of that we designed an expert system to help people to know if they got Uveitis early after that they can get treatment and they will save their eyes.

Background: Anemia is a condition that occurs due to a lower concentration of hemoglobin than the normal level (non-pregnant adult females less than 11 g / dL and males younger than 13 g / dL). Because of the low level of hemoglobin, the body's organs suffer from lack of enough oxygen, so patients complain of signs and symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, lack of concentration, lethargy and others. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease. Methods: In this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help Doctor in diagnosing many of the anemia diseases such as : Fatigue, Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Swelling of the body, Pallor of skin. The proposed expert system presents an overview about anemia diseases are given, the cause of diseases are outlined. SL5 Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed anemia diseases diagnosis expert system was evaluated by engineering students.

Background Silicosis (particularly the acute form) is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever, and cyanosis (bluish skin). It may often be misdiagnosed as pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), pneumonia, or tuberculosis. Silicosis resulted in 46,000 deaths globally in 2013 down from 55,000 deaths in 1990. Objectives The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment by presenting suggestions on Silicosis disease to the user by asking about symptoms. Methods SL5 Object Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results The results obtained from the system were evaluated whether the patient was infected with the disease or not through specialists in lung diseases. The results were satisfactory at a very good rate compared to the basic symptoms of the disease.

This research included the design of a preliminary expert system that helps farmers and specialists diagnose and provide appropriate advice on grape diseases. In addition, knowledge management used in the expert system was discussed. One of the essential elements of this research was to find the appropriate language for the diagnosis of grapevine and the current status in the knowledge base. Expert systems have been used to be able to effectively implement consultation and production rules to capture knowledge. The expert system was developed using CLIPS with the Delphi language interface. The expert system produced good results in the analysis of grape cases that have been tested and enable the system to determine the correct diagnosis in all cases.

Background: Thyroid disease is a group of disorders that affects the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck that makes thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones control how your body uses energy, so they affect the way nearly every organ in your body works—even the way your heart beats. Therefore, in this paper will identify what is the thyroid and diseases present in thyroid and detect the symptoms in each disease. Objectives: The main objective of this expert system is to obtain appropriate diagnosis of this disease. Methods: In this paper, the expert system is designed for the ability of doctors to detect and diagnose disease of thyroid. The proposed expert system presents an overview about thyroid diseases are given, the cause of diseases are outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. SL5 Object Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The expert system in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases was assessed by Medical student and doctors they were satisfied and accepted with its quality of performance. Conclusions: The expert system is easy for podiatric physician, patients and people have experience to detect and diagnosis the symptoms that may face this disease.

Kidneys are an important part of the human body, both sides of the spine and above the waist. The lower ribs protect the kidneys. In the kidneys there are filtration units which are tiny units and the functions of the kidney where the excess fluid and dissolved particles are filtered and converted to urine, purification and cleaning of blood, balancing the fluids contained in the body, production of the renin enzyme, which helps control blood pressure and adjust the level Salts and other chemicals to keep the body functioning properly. In this research, we developed an expert system capable of identifying the disease that affects the kidney by identifying the symptoms that appear from the list of symptoms that appear to the doctor to avoid the user typing the symptoms wrongly. The expert system was developed using SL5 Object language and has been experimented by doctors and has given satisfactory results.

The main goals of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are: providing highly developed instructional guidance on a one-to-one foundation that is improved than what is attained with traditional computer aided instruction and is analogous to that of a decent human tutor; and developing and testing models of intelligent processes associated with instruction. ITS is a subfield of artificial intelligence. ITS consists of four interacting components: the student model which embodies the student's present knowledge state, the pedagogical module which comprises appropriate instructional measures which are depending on the content of the student model, the knowledge model which contains the domain knowledge, and the user interface model which permits an effective dialog among ITS and the user. Usually, the knowledge model is the central part in the instructional process but there is a diversity of approaches that also put the stress on the other components. In this paper we have surveyed 68 existing intelligent tutoring system found in the literature. There might be other intelligent tutoring systems that we did not include in the current survey; but when found, we will make sure to be included in the next release of the intelligent tutoring systems survey.

Background: The castor bean is a large grassy or semi-wooden shrub or small tree. Any part of the castor plant parts can suffering from a disease that weakens the ability to grow and eliminates its production. Therefore, in this paper will identify the pests and diseases present in castor culture and detect the symptoms in each disease. Also images is showing the symptom form in this disease. Objectives: The main objective of this expert system is to obtain appropriate diagnosis of the disease. Methods: In this paper, the expert system is designed for the ability of agricultural engineers to detect and diagnose disease of castor like as: seeding blight, alternaria blight, cercospora leaf spot, powdery mildew and wilt. This system presents the disease symptoms, survival and spread, favorable conditions and image for each disease. Clips and Delphi expert system languages are used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The expert system in the diagnosis of castor diseases was assessed by farmers and agricultural engineers and they were satisfied and accepted with its quality of performance. Conclusions: The expert system is easy for farmers and people have experience in the plant of castor to detect and diagnosis the symptoms that may face this plant from several disease.

The Knowledge Based System for Diagnosing Breast Cancer is used to assist medical students to improve their education on diagnosis and counseling the process of analyzing the biopsy image of the microscope, determining the type of tumor and the treatment method for each case and identifying the disease related questions. According to the Ministry of Health in its annual report in Gaza, between 2009 and 2014 there are 7069 cases of breast cancer, and in 2014 there are 1502 cases of breast cancer . We are now in the age of visual information where 65% of the populations are visual learners; the Knowledge Based System is the easiest way to ensure students remember the information in the long term, using visual and textual information. The Knowledge Based System has an easy-to-use interface to help students diagnose the disease and enhance their information about the disease; the system can be used on smart phones. This Knowledge Based System can be divided into three main parts: The first part is specific questions for the patient, to help student to know questions type. The second part is the process of analyzing the biopsy sample image, to see if the biopsy image is intact or infected. The last part is the video shows ways to treat breast cancer in the form of animation.

The main goals of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are: providing highly developed instructional guidance on a one-to-one foundation that is improved than what is attained with traditional computer aided instruction and is analogous to that of a decent human tutor; and developing and testing models of intelligent processes associated with instruction. ITS is a subfield of artificial intelligence. ITS consists of four interacting components: the student model which embodies the student's present knowledge state, the pedagogical module which comprises appropriate instructional measures which are depending on the content of the student model, the knowledge model which contains the domain knowledge, and the user interface model which permits an effective dialog among ITS and the user. Usually, the knowledge model is the central part in the instructional process but there is a diversity of approaches that also put the stress on the other components. In this paper we have surveyed 55 existing intelligent tutoring system found in the literature. There might be other intelligent tutoring systems that we did not include in the current survey; but when found, we will make sure to be included in the next release of the intelligent tutoring systems survey.

Diabetes is a major public health issue that affects the nations of our time to a large extent and is described as a non-communicable epidemic. Diabetes mellitus is a common disease where there is too much sugar (glucose) floating around in your blood. This occurs because either the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin or the cells in body have become resistant to insulin. The concentration in this paper is on diagnosis diabetes by designing a proposed expert system. The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosing of the illness, dealing with it quickly, and tips for permanent treatment whenever possible is given out. SL5 object expert system language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system

Background: Your liver is your body’s largest solid organ. This organ is vital to the body’s metabolic functions and immune system. Without a functioning liver, a person cannot survive. The liver’s position is mostly in the right upper portion of the stomach, just below the diaphragm. A portion of the liver goes into the left upper abdomen as well. There are many types of diseases that can affect the liver and its functions. Objectives: The main objective of this expert system is to assist doctors in detecting Hepatitis diseases. Methods: In this paper we will implement an expert system using SL5 Object programming language so that it diagnoses the patient's condition and provides the appropriate solution. Results: This program was evaluated and tested by a group of doctors and patients with liver problems and they were satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for doctors; to diagnosing liver diseases and treatment it whenever possible is given.

Background: Wheat is a wild grass belongs to Poaceae (Gramineae), an enormously multipurpose grain. The proteins of the wheat, gliadins and glutenins together referred to as storage prolamines are responsible for viscoelasticity of the dough. Wheat proteins belonging to both the soluble and insoluble fractions can act as allergens and cause allergic symptoms in susceptible individuals. Celiac disease is an auto immune disease characterized by immune mediated enteropathy of proximal small intestine triggered by the ingestion of gluten containing cereals (wheat, barley and rye) in genetically susceptible individuals. The average worldwide prevalence of celiac disease is 1-6%. India confirmed the prevalence rate of 0.3% in adults and 6% in children. The mainstay of the treatment is a strict lifelong adherence to gluten free diet .Objectives: The main objective of this expert system is to assist farmers in detecting wheat diseases and solutions. Methods: In this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help farmers in diagnosing many of the wheat The proposed expert system presents an overview about wheat diseases are given, the cause of diseases are outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out .E-clips Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed wheat diseases diagnosis expert system was evaluated by group of farmers and they were satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for farmers in diagnosing wheat diseases and treatment it whenever possible is given.

Background: The occurrence of any disturbance in the seventh facial nerve in the nerves of the brain called inflammation of the seventh nerve or paralysis in the face of half (Bell's paralysis), where paralysis affects one side of the face, and occurs when the seventh nerve, which controls the muscles of the face loses the patient control of the facial muscles on The side of inflammation is the seventh nerve because it controls the muscles on both sides of the face that enable us to express the smile, laughter, crying and other facial expressions to any injury that affects the facial expressions of the motor. Objectives: This paper will solve the problems of treatment of seventh nerve inflammation through correct diagnosis and treatment. Methods: In this research, we provide an expert system for the diagnosis of seven nerve inflammation which will help doctors to explore everything related to the problems of seventh nerve inflammation. We look forward to providing simplified answers to seven nerve inflammation.

Skin is considered the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold. For a patient to recover from any illness or weakness that affects the skin, he/she requires an accurate diagnosis of his/her the situation. In this paper will present an expert system that quickly diagnosis patient’s condition and propose a suitable solution for the problem. This expert system is designed and implemented in SL5 Object language. This expert system was tested by a group of physician and found to be a useful tool that aids physicians and patients suffering from skin cancer diseases.

Background: Arthritis is very common but is not well understood. Actually, “arthritis” is not a single disease; it is an informal way of referring to joint pain or joint disease. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis and related conditions. People of all ages, sexes and races can and do have arthritis, and it is the leading cause of disability in America. More than 50 million adults and 300,000 children have some type of arthritis. It is most common among women and occurs more frequently as people get older. Common arthritis joint symptoms include swelling, pain, stiffness and decreased range of motion. Symptoms may come and go. They can be mild, moderate or severe. They may stay about the same for years, but may progress or get worse over time. Severe arthritis can result in chronic pain, inability to do daily activities and make it difficult to walk or climb stairs. Arthritis can cause permanent joint changes. These changes may be visible, such as knobby finger joints, but often the damage can only be seen on X-ray. Some types of arthritis also affect the heart, eyes, lungs, kidneys and skin as well as the joints. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment and give the appropriate method of treatment through several tips that concern the disease and how to treat it and we will see it through the application on the expert system. Methods: in this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help Orthopedist in diagnosing Arthritis disease through its symptoms such as: pain on pressure in a joint , Inflammation indicated by joint swelling, Stiffness especially in the morning , Loss of flexibility of joint, Limited, joint movement, Deformity of the joints , Weight loss and fatigue , Non-specific fever and Crepitus. The proposed expert system presents an overview about Arthritis disease is given, the cause of diseases is outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. SL5 Object Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed Arthritis disease diagnosis expert system was evaluated by Orthopedics students and they were satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for Orthopedist, patients with arthritis and newly graduated Orthopedics students.

Background: Dengue Disease is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus, symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. This may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. Dengue serology is applied in different settings, such as for surveillance, in health care facilities in endemic areas and in travel clinics in non-endemic areas. The applicability and quality of serological tests in dengue endemic regions has to be judged against a background of potential cross reactivity with other flavi-viruses, difficulties in distinguishing primary from secondary infections and technological problems related to the fact that most dengue endemic regions are relatively poor of resources .Objectives: to help doctors and patients in diagnosing Dengue Disease and give them the information of how to prevent Dengue Disease and to be able to understand the signs and symptoms of Dengue Disease. Methods: We collected all relevant material for Dengue Disease. Then we designed and implemented a knowledge based system for diagnosing Dengue Disease using SL5 Object Language. Results: The knowledge based system was evaluated by a group of Patients and specialized doctors and they found it very friendly and easy to use.

Background: Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home. Depression affects an estimated one in 15 adults (6.7%) in any given year. And one in six people (16.6%) will experience depression at some time in their life. Depression can strike at any time, but on average, first appears during the late teens to mid-20s. Women are more likely than men to experience depression. Some studies show that one-third of women will experience a major depressive episode in their lifetime. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment and give the appropriate method of treatment through several tips that concern the disease and how to treat it and we will see it through the application on the expert system. Methods: in this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help Psychologist in diagnosing depression disease through its symptoms such as: a loss of energy, a change in appetite, sleeping more or less, anxiety, reduced concentration, indecisiveness, restlessness, feelings of worthlessness, guilt or hopelessness and thoughts of self-harm or suicide. The proposed expert system presents an overview about depression disease is given, the cause of diseases is outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. SL5 Object Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed depression disease diagnosis expert system was evaluated by psychologist students and they were satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for psychologist, patients with depression and newly graduated psychologist.

Background: Citrus, genus of plants belonging to the rue family (Rutaceae), and yielding pulpy fruits covered with fairly thick skins. Economically important plants in this group include the lemon (C. × limon), lime (C. × aurantiifolia), sweet orange (C. × sinensis), sour orange (C. × aurantium), tangerine (C. reticulata), grapefruit (C. x paradisi), citron (C. medica), and shaddock (C. maxima)[1]. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment by presenting suggestions on Citrus diseases to the user with pictures to be accurately diagnosed. Methods: in this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help farmers in diagnosing many of the Citrus diseases such as Citrus canker, Citrus scab, Citrus tristeza disease, Gummosis, Greening or Huanglongbing, Sooty mould, Powdery mildew and Anthracnose. the proposed expert system presents an overview about Citrus diseases are given, the cause of diseases is outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. CLIPS Object Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed Citrus diseases diagnosis expert system was evaluated by agricultural engineers and they were satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for agricultural engineer, specialists in plant pathology, and researchers on Citrus plant.

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus Cocos, can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. The term is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese and Spanish word coco meaning "head" or "skull" after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment by presenting suggestions on coconut diseases to the user with pictures to be accurately diagnosed. Methods: in this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help farmers in diagnosing many of the coconut diseases such as: Bud Rot, Leaf Rot, Stem Bleeding, Tanjore wilt and Root (wilt). the proposed expert system presents an overview about coconut diseases are given, the cause of diseases is outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. CLIPS Object Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed coconut diseases diagnosis expert system was evaluated by agricultural engineers and they were satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for agricultural engineer, specialists in plant pathology, and researchers on coconut plant.

The papaya is a plant that grows in tropical climates and also known as pawpaws or papaws, it has many health benefits like reducing risk of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, aiding in digestion, improving blood glucose control in people with diabetes, lowering blood pressure, and improving wound healing. With these big health benefits and with taken into consideration that it’s available at most times of the year. The farmers have to take care of this plant. Because of that we developed an expert system to help farmers and people interested in growing papaya to identify the diseases of papaya then they can find the right cure to treat the plant. The expert system was developed using CLIPS and Delphi languages and has been experimented by farmers and people interested in growing papaya and has given satisfactory results.

Background: Sesame is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum also called benne. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods or "buns". World production in 2016 was 6.1 million tons, with Tanzania, Myanmar, India, and Sudan as the largest producers. Sesame seed is one of the oldest oil seed crops known, domesticated well over 3000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa. Sesamum indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India and is tolerant to drought-like conditions, growing where other crops fail. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment. Methods: In this paper the design of the proposed Expert System which was produced to help Agriculture experts in diagnosing many of the sesame diseases such as: Phyllody, Dry root rot, Phytophthora blight and Alternaria blight. The proposed expert system presents an overview about sesame diseases are given, the cause of diseases are outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. CLIPS Expert System and Delphi languages were used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Evaluation: The expert system in the diagnosis of Sesame diseases was assessed by farmers and agricultural engineers and they were satisfied with its quality of performance and ease of use. Conclusions: The Proposed expert system is very useful for Agriculture experts, patients with sesame problems and newly graduated Agricultural students.

The main goals of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are: providing highly developed instructional guidance on a one-to-one foundation that is improved than what is attained with traditional computer aided instruction and is analogous to that of a decent human tutor; and developing and testing models of intelligent processes associated with instruction. ITS is a subfield of artificial intelligence. ITS consists of four interacting components: the student model which embodies the student's present knowledge state, the pedagogical module which comprises appropriate instructional measures which are depending on the content of the student model, the knowledge model which contains the domain knowledge, and the user interface model which permits an effective dialog among ITS and the user. Usually, the knowledge model is the central part in the instructional process but there is a diversity of approaches that also put the stress on the other components. In this paper we survey the existing intelligent tutoring system found in the literature prior to publishing it. There might be other intelligent tutoring systems that we have missed; but when found, they will be added to the next release of the intelligent tutoring systems survey.