Sandra Lopez

The present paper is inspired by Ross T. Brady’s work on semantics for many-valued logics which also belong to the family of relevance. In particular, we aim to enhance his methodology for (meta)completeness results with respect to a 2 set-up ternary relational semantics. In 1982, Brady developed the 4-valued logic BN4 and endowed it with such semantics, providing both strong soundness and completeness theorems. In the recent literature, six new 4-valued logics have been defined as companions to the system BN4 and endowed with a bivalent Belnap-Dunn type semantics. The aim of this paper is to deepen the knowledge of these new companions to BN4 by providing a 2 set-up ternary relational semantics, thus following the same strategies Brady applied to BN4 in (Brady, 1982).

Between 1998 and 2004, ethnoarchaeological investigations by López Varela at Cuentepec, located in Morelos, Mexico, recorded the making of clay griddles to cook tortillas—flat thin, rounded maize bread. While conducting these investigations, the Mexican government introduced economic growth and development policies to combat poverty that transformed the clay griddle (comal) into a craft (artesanía), creating tensions between women making pottery for the first time and the griddle makers (comaleras). The Cuentepec Ethnoarchaeological Project carried out a social impact assessment (SIA) study of poverty reduction policies to investigate the tensions created by development programs, referencing griddle makers as “indigenous women” when they proudly identify themselves as Mexicanas. Without overcoming poverty levels, these government programs instead shifted the power away from those women who stayed home to make griddles to a male-dominated economy, weakening ties among the family, community, and land. Therefore, the following pages demonstrate the potential of ethnoarchaeology beyond being a fertile terrain to inquiry about the past. Ethnoarchaeology is well suited to informing economic growth and development policies with ancient and gendered knowledges to alleviate poverty worldwide, as discussed hereby.

In this chapter, López Varela introduces Professor Dr. Nawala A. Al-Mutawalli, who was Head of the Department of Archaeology, College of Arts at the University of Baghdad (2017-2018), and former Director General of the Iraq National Museum (2000–2003). Prof. Dr. Nawala A. Al-Mutawalli generously agreed to share her experience in building a remarkable professional career. She conducted archaeological excavations throughout Iraq and dedicated her career to preserving its heritage and ancient languages amidst armed conflicts and invasions since 1977. Throughout this conversation with the editor of this volume, Nawala A. Al-Mutawalli reveals her dedication to a discipline that brings exhilaration from the moment the trowel touches the soil, and that, as archaeologists, we take for granted. In telling her story, away from Western academic conventions, López Varela discovered a remarkable woman whose resilience conveys the intention of this book in revealing what it entails to be a woman in archaeology. Nawala A. Al-Mutawalli aspires to bring together the scientific and technological developments in the Arab World and the rest of the World, inspiring others. “In telling my story, I want to invite every young woman who dreams of studying archaeology to practice it, despite the war scenario afflicting Iraq.”

Women in archaeology is a volume written by 43 remarkable women scholars at all levels of their professional careers, working in different socio-economic and political environments in over 26 countries. The 29 chapters in this volume introduce their experiences in practicing archaeology worldwide while being mothers, sisters, or wives. I rely on the concept of intersectionality, coined by Crenshaw in 1989, to explore the economic, political, and social realities in which these women practice archaeology. The volume demonstrates that women archaeologists are not a homogenous group. From their writing context, this international group shares their stories of overcoming war, imprisonment, colonialism, capitalism, neoliberalism, or economic growth while practicing archaeology. At the same time, these authors reveal that women have always been part of archaeological research worldwide, that they have made transformative contributions, and that the field offers a myriad of opportunities to those interested in its practice.

This book tells the story of women in archaeology worldwide and their dedication to advancing knowledge and human understanding. In their own voices, they present themselves as archaeologists working in academia or the private and public sector across 33 countries. The chapters in this volume reconstruct the history of archaeology while honoring those female scholars and their pivotal research who are no longer with us. Many scholars in this volume fiercely explore non-traditional research areas in archaeology. The chapters bear witness to their valuable and unique contributions to reconstructing the past through innovative theoretical and methodological approaches. In doing so, they share the inherent difficulties of practicing archaeology, not only because they, too, are mothers, sisters, and wives but also because of the context in which they are writing. This volume may interest researchers in archaeology, history of science, gender studies, and feminist theory. Chapter 11 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

The use of omega fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation could be a beneficial strategy to improve health and production in ruminants. In this study, the effect of the dietary addition of c9, t11 and t10, c12 isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in pure soybean oil (T1) was compared with pure soybean oil (T2) and soybean oil discarded after frying fish (Centropomus undecimalis, Pagrus pagrus, and Caranx crysos; T3) on the fatty acid profile in ewe milk and the tissues of their lambs. Forty-five multiparous ewes (East Friesian × Katahdin), 32 to 35 months old, 70 days pregnant, were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental diets. The fatty acid profile, total solids, fat, protein, and lactose in milk were determined 14 days postpartum. Fifteen lambs from each treatment were sacrificed at 70 days of age, and the fatty acid profiles in perirenal fat, muscle, and brain were determined. In milk, fat and total solids content were lower with T1. On the other hand, linoleic acid content, the sum of omega-6 and DHA were higher in T1 compared to other groups (p < 0.05). In the brain, stearic acid and linoleic acid concentration increased with T1; eicosapentaenoic acid decreased and omega-3s increased with T3, while DHA was lower in T2 (p < 0.05). The addition of CLA isomers or discarded soybean oil in ewe diet from pregnancy to lactation is advantageous for the ewe since less energy in the form of milk fat is lost. In addition, increasing the concentration of omega fatty acids in ewe diet to improve omega fatty acids in lamb’s brain could be a feed strategy to increase their productivity and health.

Valerie Plumwood introduced in "Some false laws of logic" a series of arguments on how the rules Exported Syllogism, Disjunctive Syllogism, Commutation, and Exportation are not acceptable. Based on this we define the class of Plumwood algebras - logical matrices that do not verify any of these theses. Afterwards we provide conditional variants of the characteristic matrix of the logic RM3 that are also Plumwood algebras. These matrices are given an axiomatization based on First Degree Entailment and are endowed with Belnap-Dunn Semantics. Finally we provide results of Soundness and Completeness in the strong sense for each of the defined variants.

Six interesting variants of the logics BN4 and E4—which can be considered as the 4-valued logics of the relevant conditional and entailment, respectively—were previously developed in the literature. All these systems are related to the family of relevant logics and contain Routley and Meyer's basic logic B, which is well-known to be specifically associated with the ternary relational semantics. The aim of this paper is to develop reduced general Routley-Meyer semantics for them. Strong soundness and completeness theorems are proved for each one of the logics.

IntroductionRheumatologists are the primary healthcare professionals responsible for patients with rheumatic diseases and should acquire medical ethical competencies, such as the informed consent process (ICP). The objective clinical structured examination is a valuable tool for assessing clinical competencies. We report the performance of 90 rheumatologist trainees participating in a station designed to evaluate the ICP during the 2018 and 2019 national accreditations.MethodsThe station was validated and represented a medical encounter in which the rheumatologist informed a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus with clinically active nephritis about renal biopsy. A trained patient–actor and an evaluator were instructed to assess ICP skills (with a focus on kidney biopsy benefits, how the biopsy is done and potential complications) in obtaining formal informed consent, delivering bad news and overall communication with patients. The evaluator used a tailored checklist and form.ResultsCandidate performance varied with ICP content and was superior for potential benefit information (achieved by 98.9% of the candidates) but significantly reduced for potential complications (37.8%) and biopsy description (42.2%). Only 17.8% of the candidates mentioned the legal perspective of ICP. Death (as a potential complication) was omitted by the majority of the candidates (93.3%); after the patient–actor challenged candidates, only 57.1% of them gave a clear and positive answer. Evaluators frequently rated candidate communications skills as superior (≥80%), but ≥1 negative aspect was identified in 69% of the candidates.ConclusionsEthical competencies are mandatory for professional rheumatologists. It seems necessary to include an ethics competency framework in the curriculum throughout the rheumatology residency.

Los estudios de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad revelan las interrelaciones entre la ciencia y la tecnología como procesos sociales. Este artículo persigue como objetivo: valorar la significación social de un entorno virtual en la enseñanza aprendizaje de la Estadística descriptiva en la carrera de Medicina. El diagnóstico preliminar mediante de la observación, la encuesta y el análisis documental, mostró que existen insuficiencias en el uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Estadística. Se diseñó un entorno virtual constituido por cinco módulos que incluyen contenidos de Estadística descriptiva, ejercicios, bibliografía y ayuda. Con la validación a partir del criterio de especialistas y la sistematización con la introducción en la práctica, se evaluó el mismo como muy adecuado, fue considerado útil, necesario y aplicable al contexto objeto de estudio, lo que contribuye a la formación científica de los estudiantes desde una posición materialista. Science, technology and society studies reveal the interrelations between science and technology as social processes. This article pursues the following objectives: to assess the social significance of a virtual environment in the teaching and learning of descriptive Statistics in Medicine degree course. The preliminary diagnosis through the observation, opinion poll and documentary analysis, showed that there are insufficiencies in the use of Information and Communication technologies in teaching and learning Statistics. It was designed a virtual environment with five modules that include contents of descriptive Statistics, exercises, bibliography and help. With the validation of specialists and the systematization after putting it in practice, the virtual environment was assessed as adequate, useful, necessary and applicable to the context being studied, which contributes to the scientific training of students from a materialistic position.

In this paper I offer a characterization of evaluative realism, present the intuitive case against it, and offer two considerations to support it further: one concerning the internalist connection between values and motivation, and the other concerning the intuitive causal inefficacy of evaluative properties. The considerations ultimately rely on the former intuitions themselves, but are not devoid of interest, as they might make one revise what one took to be his own realistic supporting intuitions, if such one had.