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    This paper examines the efforts made by ‘Abd al-Ṣamad ibn Ṣāliḥ and his descendants, who were the members of the Aḥmadiyyah Idrīsī order, to reform Malay Sufism during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century. Under the leadership of ‘Abd al-Ṣamad, the order attracted thousands of followers and its central issue was reforming the doctrine of “the unity of existence” by reconciling it with the “unity of consciousness”, the teachings of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindī. The reform efforts continued by Wan Musa, …Read more