Xu Chang

Background: Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector in China and other Southeast Asian countries, and it is becoming increasingly resistant to the insecticides used for agriculture, net impregnation, and indoor residual spray. Very limited genomic information on this species is available, which has hindered the development of new tools for resistance surveillance and vector control. We used the 454 GS FLX system and generated expressed sequence tag databases of various life stages of An. sinensis, and we determined the transcriptional differences between deltamethrin resistant and susceptible mosquitoes.Results: The 454 GS FLX transcriptome sequencing yielded a total of 624,559 reads with the pooled An. sinensis mosquitoes across various development stages. The de novo assembly generated 33,411 contigs with average length of 493 bp. A total of 8,057 ESTs were generated with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation. A total of 2,131 ESTs were differentially expressed between deltamethrin resistant and susceptible mosquitoes collected from the same field site in Jiangsu, China. Among these differentially expressed ESTs, a total of 294 pathways were mapped to the KEGG database, with the predominant ESTs belonging to metabolic pathways. Furthermore, a total of 2,408 microsatellites and 15,496 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified.Conclusions: The annotated EST and transcriptome databases provide a valuable genomic resource for further genetic studies of this important malaria vector species. The differentially expressed ESTs associated with insecticide resistance identified in this study lay an important foundation for further functional analysis. The identified microsatellite and SNP markers will provide useful tools for future population genetic and comparative genomic analyses of malaria vectors. © 2014 Zhu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

"Chinese Marxism" refers to Marx written in Chinese, there has been a century. Here, Marx is seen as a major thinker and revolutionary rather than a scholar. Marxism primarily as an ideological rather than academic thinking. But in fact, Marx is primarily a scholar, and is a thinker and revolutionary. At the same time, Marx's Marxism is above all a made ​​in accordance with the academic standards of academic achievement, and is an ideology. In any case, the academic quality of Marx's Marxism is the primary factor. Therefore, we should study the academic spirit of Marx's Marxism, Marx's second century of Chinese first century should be an academic. Chinese Marx, that means Marx written in Chinese language, has existed for one century, when Marx was mainly regarded as a thinker and a revolutionary but not a scholar, and Marxism was mainly understood from ideological perspective hut not from academic perspective. So in the first century of Chinese Marx, the research is hardly academic. But as a matter of fact, Marx is a scholar firstly, and then is a thinker and a revolutionary. At the same time, Marx's Marxism is firstly an academic achievement in accordance with scholarship , and then is an ideology. Anyway, the academic character is the primary factor for Marx's Marxism. So we should research Marxism with Marx's scholarship and the second century for Chinese Marx should firstly be an academic century

"Heterogeneity philosophy" is a recent exposition of the philosophy, which includes a self-contained analysis - heterogeneity analysis. The method of operation is characterized by the most prominent "real to Name," that, according to the symbol corresponding to the intuitive sense of the situation to examine the content and quality. Use of such methods in practice, means that the focus of analysis is not a practical subject and object, but a practical means of its own and its main object to a symbol, that is the main word for the practice as a practical symbol and predicate symbol . In logic, the practice of the main predicate term priority in practice, and practice as the main symbol is the most basic word "me." Therefore, from the "I" talking about, look at the "I" in the actual use what means and what it means with the object of what exactly is the relationship, it becomes a practical analysis of a reasonable start. This article is the beginning of this presentation, the word from the Lord as the practice of "I", goes through me as the main practice, to "I" with my uniform, that is, as a free body of individuals

Many of today to "practical philosophy" as the name of the study is only a family resemblance. The article is the author's program of practical philosophy, aims to differentiate with other programs. The program's subject name "element of practice learning", is to explore practical issues in metaphysics, the doctrine known as "heterogeneity theory" is grounded in the "heterogeneity" in practice the concept of meta-learning. Many projects named Practical Philosophy in the present have only a family resemblance. This article introduces my project in order to distinguish it from others. The discipline which the project belongs to is named 'Meta-praxeology', namely, the metaphysics of praxis, and the doctrine exposited in the project is named 'Theory of Heterogeneity' which is a meta-praxeology based on the conception of heterogeneity

Performance depending on whether the nature of Aristotle and being able to master the principles of the word transposition of these two predicates are divided into four categories: accidents , species , properties and definitions This division is preset -based word. In fact, is also available for individual things, predicate, in this case, four kinds of predicates should be replaced by one of the species. Division of the operation from the predicate term object point of view, duality and non-compound word species, and features the words and definitions are complex, the latter by the former compound to illustrate. Therefore, the predicate in the most abstract level should not be divided into four categories, but should be divided into two categories, namely, species, and duality. Characteristics and definition of Aristotle unconsciously introduced the principle of subsidiarity on the two types of composite predicate to the result: the introduction of the principle of the duality mode inevitable accident and chance into duality, features and all kinds of definitions and inevitable duality complexes; the introduction of the principle of unity to distinguish between species characteristics and definitions - those who divide things in the process of layer by layer to maintain the unity of the species is the inevitable duality difference , while the poor and the kinds of complex material is defined. However, for any duality species has its own unity, and thus Aristotle said, the difference can not be deduced from the various principles. Based the capacities to express the nature and change position with the subjects, Aristotle divides predicates into for categories: accident, genus, property and definition. In this division, "species" is assumed to be a subject. Yet, in fact, "species" can also be a predicate. In this regard, genus, one of the four predicates, should be changed to genus-species. Considering the division of predicates, accident and genus-species are non-compound phrases; property and definition are compound phrases, while the latter can be explained by the compoundness of the former. Therefore, on the most abstract level, predicates should be divided into two rather than four categories, and the two categories are genus-species and accident. Property and definition are the results of the fact that Aristotle unconsciously introduces two subsidiary principles to compound the two categories of predicates. He introduces the modal principle to divide accident into necessary accident and accidental accident, while both property and definition are compounds of genus and necessary accident ; the unitary principle of genus-species was introduces to separate property from definition-the necessary accident that could maintain the unitary principle of genus-species in the process of dividing things level by level is "differentia," while the compound of differentia and genus is definition. But, since any accident has its own genus-species unity, Aristotle's idea of ​​differentia can not be inferred from his principles