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The inclination toward freedomIn Alix Cohen (ed.), Kant's Lectures on Anthropology: A Critical Guide, Cambridge University Press. 2014.
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109The obligation to be virtuous: Kant's conception of the tugendverpflichtung: Paul GuyerSocial Philosophy and Policy 27 (2): 206-232. 2010.In the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant makes a distinction between duties of virtue and the obligation to be virtuous. For a number of reasons, it may seem as if the latter does not actually require any actions of us not already required by the former. This essay argues that Kant does succeed in describing obligations that we have to prepare for virtuous conduct that are different from simply fulfilling specific duties of virtue, and that in so doing he describes an important element of the moral li…Read more
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The original empty formalism objection : Pistorius and KantIn James A. Clarke & Gabriel Gottlieb (eds.), Practical Philosophy From Kant to Hegel: Freedom, Right, and Revolution, Cambridge University Press. 2020.
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1The origins of modern aesthetics : 1711-1735In Peter Kivy (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics, Blackwell. 2004.
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5The Origins of Modern Aesthetics: 1711–35In Peter Kivy (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics, Blackwell. 2004.This chapter contains sections titled: Shaftesbury and Hutcheson Du Bos Addison Baumgarten A Glimpse Ahead: Kant.
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14The Inescapability of Contingency: The Form and Content of Freedom in Kant and HegelIn Mario Egger (ed.), Philosophie Nach Kant: Neue Wege Zum Verständnis von Kants Transzendental- Und Moralphilosophie, De Gruyter. pp. 523-546. 2014.
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8The harmony of the faculties revisitedIn Rebecca Kukla (ed.), Aesthetics and Cognition in Kant's Critical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press. 2006.
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47The Infinite Given Magnitude and Other Myths About Space and TimeIn Igor Agostini, Richard T. W. Arthur, Geoffrey Gorham, Paul Guyer, Mogens Lærke, Yitzhak Y. Melamed, Ohad Nachtomy, Sanja Särman, Anat Schechtman, Noa Shein & Reed Winegar (eds.), Infinity in Early Modern Philosophy, Springer Verlag. pp. 181-204. 2018.I argue that Kant's claim in the “Transcendental Aesthetic” of the Critique of Pure Reason that space and time are immediately given in intuition as infinite magnitudes is undercut by his general theory of mathematical knowledge. On this general theory, pure intuition does not give objects of any determinate magnitude at all, but only forms of possible objects. Specifically, what pure intuition itself yields is the recognition that any determinate space or time is part of a larger one, but it re…Read more
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11The Form and Matter of the Categorical ImperativeIn Volker Gerhardt, Rolf-Peter Horstmann & Ralph Schumacher (eds.), Kant Und Die Berliner Aufklärung: Akten des Ix Internationalen Kant-Kongresses, Walter De Gruyter. pp. 131-150. 2001.
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75The cognitive element in aesthetic experience: Reply to MatraversBritish Journal of Aesthetics 43 (4): 412-418. 2003....as a Kantian model of aesthetic experience a free play of the cognitive faculties with beliefs or propositions. This is false to Kant, whose conception is better interpreted as a free play with elements of cognition such as intuitions and concepts. More importantly, an account closer to Kant's original provides a less restrictive model of aesthetic experience than Matravers's interpretation does, and therefore one that more readily fits a much larger number of cases.
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The End of Art and the Interpretation of GeistIn Dina Emundts (ed.), Self, World, and Art: Metaphysical Topics in Kant and Hegel, De Gruyter. pp. 283-306. 2013.
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8The Form and Matter of the Categorical ImperativeIn Ralph Schumacher, Rolf-Peter Horstmann & Volker Gerhardt (eds.), Kant Und Die Berliner Aufklärung: Akten des Ix. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Bd. I: Hauptvorträge. Bd. Ii: Sektionen I-V. Bd. Iii: Sektionen Vi-X: Bd. Iv: Sektionen Xi-Xiv. Bd. V: Sektionen Xv-Xviii, De Gruyter. pp. 131-150. 2001.
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170The Derivation of the Categorical ImperativeThe Harvard Review of Philosophy 10 (1): 64-80. 2002.
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110The Cambridge companion to Kant (edited book)Cambridge University Press. 1992.The fundamental task of philosophy since the seventeenth century has been to determine whether the essential principles of both knowledge and action can be discovered by human beings unaided by an external agency. No one philosopher contributed more to this enterprise than Kant, whose Critique of Pure Reason shook the very foundations of the intellectual world. Kant argued that the basic principles of the natural sciences are imposed on reality by human sensibility and understanding, and thus th…Read more
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120The Cambridge Companion to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (edited book)Cambridge University Press. 2010.Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, first published in 1781, is one of the landmarks of Western philosophy, a radical departure from everything that went before and an inescapable influence on all philosophy since its publication. This Companion is the first collective commentary on this work in English. The seventeen chapters have been written by an international team of scholars, including some of the best-known figures in the field as well as emerging younger talents. The first two chapt…Read more
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61The Bounds of Sense and the Limits of AnalysisJournal of the History of Philosophy 55 (3): 365-382. 2017.this paper was written to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of The Bounds of Sense by Peter Strawson, in 1966. My own engagement with Kant's Critique of Pure Reason began a few months later, with a course in the spring semester of 1967 taught by Robert Nozick. The Critique had not been regularly taught at Harvard since the retirement of C. I. Lewis a dozen years before, and Nozick, then a twenty-eight-year-old assistant professor, started the course disarmingly by telling us …Read more
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37Stellenindex und Konkordanz zum Naturrecht Feyerabend, Teilband I: Einleitung des Naturrechts FeyerabendRatio Juris 25 (1): 110-116. 2012.
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109The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy (edited book)Cambridge University Press. 2006.The philosophy of Immanuel Kant is the watershed of modern thought, which irrevocably changed the landscape of the field and prepared the way for all the significant philosophical movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This 2006 volume, which complements The Cambridge Companion to Kant, covers every aspect of Kant's philosophy, with a particular focus on his moral and political philosophy. It also provides detailed coverage of Kant's historical context and of the enormous impact an…Read more
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43Seventy-Five Years of Kant … and CountingJournal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 75 (4): 351-362. 2017.There have been more articles on Kant's aesthetics in the history of the Journal than on the next four leading figures in the history of aesthetics combined. I argue that this is because Kant's aesthetic theory consists of multiple levels of theory that makes it accessible to and important for multiple approaches to the subject itself. Continuing issues for both Kant interpretation and for aesthetics in general arise at each of these levels, including the plausibility of the claim to universal v…Read more
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4Thought and being: Hegel's critique of Kant's theoretical philosophyIn Frederick C. Beiser (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hegel, Cambridge University Press. pp. 171--210. 1993.
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9Stanley Cavell: What Becomes of People on Film?In Noël Carroll, Laura T. Di Summa & Shawn Loht (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of the Philosophy of Film and Motion Pictures, Springer. pp. 335-356. 2019.Stanley Cavell’s “ontology of film” is his way of expressing that in our experience of movies, we are both aware that we are perceiving nothing but flickering light on a screen yet also respond intellectually and emotionally as if we are experiencing real people, although in a world in which we cannot intervene. In his discussions of “comedies of remarriage” and “the melodrama of the unknown woman,” he argues that these movies are about what it is to grow into adult human beings who are free to …Read more
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24Replies to CommentsJournal of Aesthetic Education 48 (3): 127-142. 2014.In Klas Roth’s essay in this issue of JAE, “Making Ourselves Intelligible—Rendering ourselves Efficacious and Autonomous, without Fixed Ends,” his invocation of Stanley Cavell’s remark that “we should avoid or resist becoming … the ‘slaves of our slavishness’” (31) makes clear why he and I are both so deeply attracted to Kant as well as to Cavell, for it was none other than Kant, not, for example, Nietzsche, who introduced the term “slavish” for everything that is to be avoided in morality. (Thi…Read more
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17Schiller and Kant on Grace and BeautyIn Antonino Falduto & Tim Mehigan (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook on the Philosophy of Friedrich Schiller, Springer Verlag. pp. 459-475. 2023.Schiller’s essay “On Grace and Dignity” has been taken by many, including Kant himself, to be an attack on Kant’s moral philosophy, understood as requiring that moral motivation must always be a struggle between duty and inclination. Actually, Schiller conceives of harmony between inclination and duty, or grace and dignity, as an aesthetic requirement, and agrees with Kant that when grace and dignity conflict, dignity must prevail. Kant does not see this, but nevertheless in his own, late, accou…Read more
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University of PennsylvaniaRetired faculty
Areas of Specialization
History of Western Philosophy |
Areas of Interest
History of Western Philosophy |
Value Theory |