Andrzej Klimczuk

Starzenie siȩ społeczeństw stanowi wyzwanie, które wymaga opracowywania i wdrażania horyzontalnej polityki społecznej. Polityka ta powinna uwzglȩdniać zróżnicowanie osób starszych oraz odmienność działań skierowanych do osób starszych i na wizerunek starości. Złożoność negatywnych konsekwencji starzenia siȩ sprawia, iż kluczowe jest zwiȩkszenie współpracy podmiotów publicznych, komercyjnych, pozarz¸adowych i nieformalnych na wszystkich poziomach organizacji polityki społecznej. Opracowanie ma na celu przybliżenie modeli wielosektorowej polityki społecznej oraz podkreślenie możliwości integracji usług społecznych. Artykuł wskazuje na szanse i zagrożenia dla integracji usług ze szczególnym uwzglȩdnieniem zagadnień srebrnej gospodarki, wykluczenia cyfrowego i robotycznego. W podsumowaniu wskazano na możliwości rozwoju innowacji społecznych oraz kierunki dalszych badań. ** Ageing is a challenge that requires development and implementation of the horizontal social policy. This policy should take into account diversity of older adults and division of interventions aimed at this population and on the image of old age. Complexity of the negative consequences of ageing shows that there is a need to enhance cooperation between the public sector, the commercial sector, the NGO sector, and the informal sector at all levels of social policy social policy. The article discusses models of the multisectoral social policy and possibilities of integrating social services. Conclusions include directions for further research and social innovation.

There are many ethical dimensions of public policy. Public policy as actions to solve the collective problems includes directly or indirectly making ethical judgments. Public policy takes into account reconciliation of conflicting interests of individuals, groups, and organizations which is based on the values agreeing which influences on the objectives, principles, and styles of policy implementation. Ethical judgments about selecting more and less important as well as more positive problem solutions are present on all stages of policy cycle.

The complexity of population ageing effect is a significant challenge at a regional and local level. Adaptation activities require the cooperation of local governments, business entities and non-governmental organizations. The article describes the dimensions of interventions, typology of “shrinking regions” and two initiatives: Regions for All Ages and SEN@ER - Silver Economy Network of European Regions. In addition, essay discusses the dilemmas of creating special regional strategies with their implementation factors and barriers in the construction of silver economies. It is supplemented by some conclusions from the analysis of selected regional development strategies in Poland. Summary sets out possible directions for further research for national institutions.

Cultural capital is usually defined as set of social features that provide individuals with social mobility and the possibility of changing their hierarchical position in systems such as wealth, power, prestige, education, and health. Cultural capital thus affects the processes of social promotion or degradation. It also includes social characteristics that allow horizontal mobility, that is, changes in social group membership. An individual’s cultural capital includes his or her social origin, education, taste, lifestyle, style of speech, and dress.

Podstawowym celem artykułu jest przybliżenie dwóch wzajemnie powi¸a}zanych koncepcji istotnych z perspektywy zarz¸a}dzania publicznego w ramach polityki wobec starzenia siȩ społeczeństwa na poziomie lokalnym. Pierwsza koncepcja to „inteligentne miasta", która dotyczy wykorzystania nowych technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych do poprawy zarz¸a}dzania miastami oraz dostarczania obywatelom innowacyjnych usług publicznych. Druga koncepcja to „miasta przyjazne starzeniu siȩ", która obejmuje optymalizacjȩ wszystkich funkcji miejskich do potrzeb wszystkich grup wiekowych oraz wykorzystanie szerokiego zaangażowania interesariuszy na rzecz poprawy jakości życia w okresie starości. Drugim celem jest wskazanie prób praktycznego wdrażania tych koncepcji w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej, które w odróżnieniu od omawianych zazwyczaj w literaturze przykładów z Europy Zachodniej charakteryzuj¸a siȩ nie tylko szybkim starzeniem siȩ populacji, ale też niedostatkami infrastruktury. W podsumowaniu przybliżono wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy oraz potencjalne dalsze kierunki badań. ** The main aim of this paper is to introduce two interrelated concepts relevant from the perspective of public management of the ageing policy at the local level. The first concept is "smart cities," which refers to the use of new information and communication technologies to improve urban management and delivery of innovative public services for citizens. The second concept is "age-friendly cities," which includes optimization of all municipal functions to meet the needs of all age groups and to use the wide involvement of relevant stakeholders to improve the quality of life in old age. The second aim of the paper is to describe closer attempts of the practical implementation of these concepts in countries of the Visegrad Group that unlike generally discussed in the literature examples from the Western Europe are not only characterized by rapidly ageing populations, but also shortcomings of the infrastructure. Conclusions include a summary of the undertaken analysis and potential future directions of research.

The approach to analysing population ageing and its impacts on the economy has evolved in recent years. There is increasing interest in the development and use of products and services related to gerontechnology as well as other social innovations that may be considered as central parts of the "silver economy." However, the concept of silver economy is still being formed and requires detailed research. This article proposes a typology of models of the silver economy in the European Union at the national and regional levels. This typology was created by comparing the Active Ageing Index to the typology of varieties and cultures of capitalism and typology of the welfare states. Practical recommendations for institutions of the EU and directions for further research are discussed.

Activities of daily living are usually defined as skills needed in typical daily self-care. Instrumental activities of daily living are more complex skills beyond basic self-care, and their measurement evaluates how individuals function in their homes, workplaces, and outdoor environments. The skills that pertain to IADLs are exposed to dysfunctions resulting from aging or illness. Reductions in those skills may begin to cause problems with independence but these problems can be solved with the help of others - for example, family members, social workers, and nurses.