Аркадий Гуртовцев

The paper examines the issues of ancient Greek and Latin etymology of the concepts of ideal (idea) and material (matter), the origin of Russian philosophy in the XI-XVII centuries. as historical and religious “book wisdom”, as well as its development during the Russian Enlightenment of the XVIII century. The first attempts to define in Russian philosophy are no longer mythological-religious, but rational relations between the soul and the human body, between its spiritual/ideal and material/material qualities. It is shown that the beginnings of correct ideas on this issue, expressed in the ideas of the lifelong unity and interaction of soul and body, as well as the connection of such mental qualities as mind, intelligence, memory, and the ability to judge with the human nervous system and brain, appeared in Russian philosophy under the influence of the European Enlightenment in the first half of the XVIII century in the works of such highly educated Russian thinkers as Vasily Tatishchev and Antioch Kantemir. At the same time, it must be recognized that the general ideological character of Russian philosophy of that period remained deeply archaic, mythological, religious, and theistic (faith in the Creator and the immortality of the soul, the “sinfulness” of man, the dependence of nature and man – “God's creature, the servant of God" on his Creator).

In this work, the author summarizes in the form of a system of postulates the development of the basic ideas of the world philosophy of materialism over the past 2,500 years, starting with ancient Greek natural philosophy and ending with the latest philosophy of complete materialistic monism, or Fundamental Materialism (FM). The theory of FM was developed by the author, a professional scientist, engineer and independent philosophical researcher in 2009-2026 as an evolutionary development of the previous stage of the philosophy of materialism – Dialectical Materialism (DM). The presented ideas reveal the essence of the following important philosophical and general scientific concepts: matter as a single universal substance, generating in the process of its self–movement, self-organization and evolution the whole variety of material objects and their relationships; attributes of matter - motion, space-time, energy; organisms-subjects, including humans and higher animals cognizing the MO/MOT outside of their consciousness; objective reality/real relations (OP/POT) outside the consciousness of the subject and subjective reality/subjective relations (CO/СOT) in his consciousness; the dialectics of the interaction of OP/РOTH and CP/СOT, taking into account their mutual transformations in the process of vital activity of organisms-subjects; the general structure of OP /РOT in the form of a set of various forms, types and states of matter, constantly passing into each other; the general structure of CP / SOT in the form of a Knowledge-Code System (ZKS) neural network the brain of subject organisms; criteria for the truth of the human knowledge system. It is shown that FM, by identifying a new structural type of matter in nature – coding matter, and, moreover, its varieties, including information codes, as well as by proposing a specific mechanism for the material representation of the contents of the subject's consciousness in his СР/СOT, definitively solves the basic question of philosophy. Consciousness, which has been opposed for thousands of years to the entire material, material, and bodily world as an ideal, immaterial spirit, becomes a special structural type of matter and thereby, being revealed in its essence practically, theoretically, and logically, acquires its true nature. He solemnly enters the material world as his legitimate heir. The work is intended for the widest range of philosophers and scientists, university students and teachers, philosophy lovers, as well as all critically minded people who seek to understand themselves and the world around them from reliable, correct, true, scientific positions.

This article continues the theme of "On the Fundamental Essence of Information. Part 1" ("Alternatives," No. 4, 2025, pp. 140-161), which provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of the concept of information in science and philosophy over the past 150 years. This second and final part of the work comprehensively reveals and substantiates the author's proposed definition of the ontological essence of information, taking into account the principles of semiotics, linguistics, computer science, biology, genetics, and other sciences. Information, in its ontological essence, is, briefly put, a set of relationships between material-ideal signs and/or codes of the sign-code system of a subject's consciousness. The general systemic conclusions reached at the end of the work offer philosophers and scientists in various fields of knowledge the possibility of a deeper scientific understanding of the nature of human and higher animal consciousness, as well as the further development of the philosophy of materialistic monism.

The arguments of the Russian philosopher-materialist in the form of seven compact theses on the essence of life and its meaning. The text in the paper is presented in three languages: Russian, English and Chinese. The paper makes a global conclusion that it is time for humanity to stop fighting for the vital resources of the planet and move to a new, evolutionarily progressive stage of mutual cooperation based on equality, justice and respect for the rights of all small and large peoples and countries. As a first step in this direction, it is proposed to end the current bloodiest regional conflict in Europe between Russia, on the one hand, and the alliance of the United States, NATO and the European Union, on the other hand.

Philosophy of science or a brief introduction to the scientific method of cognition and the system of scientific knowledge. What science has given and what science has not been able to give to human society, or scientific knowledge against the delusions and illusions of mass mystical, mythological and religious consciousness. Science is against the empty fantasies of philosophers who create their mental constructions not by analyzing the real world and mastering accurate and reliable scientific knowledge, but on the basis of purely verbal speculation.

The paper presents a discussion on the issues of ontology and epistemology of being, consciousness and information generated by the consciousness of subject organisms (humans, animals) in the process of their vital activity and active interaction with the surrounding real world. The discussion took place between two representatives of opposite types of philosophy – a materialist/atheist and an adept of Western idealistic philosophy. The fundamental issues of world philosophy were discussed and challenged, including the root causes and ways of organizing the real world (nature), materialistic and idealistic ideas about the existence of the world (Objective Reality – OP; Subjective Reality - CP), categories of essence and ontological essence, the relationship between being and consciousness of subjects, as well as issues of scientific and religious knowledge of the world.

The article provides a scientific analysis of the concept of information as a major philosophical category that reveals the true essence of the relationship between the cognizing subject and the material world from the standpoint of the materialistic theory of knowledge. It is shown that information is not, contrary to the opinion of a number of materialistic philosophers, an attribute of matter (like motion, space-time, energy), but becomes its property only at a certain stage of self-organization of matter - when animal organisms with a highly developed nervous system arise. The article considers the evolution of the content of the concept of information in various spheres of public activity over the past 150 years. Based on the author's historical-logical and linguistic-semiotic analysis, a new, extremely general, scientific definition of information is given. It is defined as the result of a reductive transformation by the cognitive subject of the relations of the real material world (according to Kant, “the thing in itself”) into a material knowledge-code system of the neural network of the subject's brain (“the thing for us").

Основной текст: символы, вехи и события жизни Гипатии; торжество христианства - религии гонителей и могильщиков великой античной языческой культуры Примечания и комментарии: 1- Александрия Египетская; 2- Александрийский Мусейон и Александрийская библиотека: школы поэзии, филологии, математики и астрономии; античные папирусные книги-свитки и пергаментные кодексы; гибель Мусейона и библиотеки 3- Философия неоплатонизма; 4- Современники и историки о Гипатии; 5- Христианство в Восточной Римской империи. Феофил и Кирилл Александрийские Литература

The evolution of life on Earth has led over the past 4 billion years to the formation of numerous types and species of living organisms, starting with unicellular prokaryotes (bacteria) measuring hundredths or thousandths of a millimeter in size, and ending with the most complexly organized multicellular organisms-eukaryotes of the mammalian class of the primate order of the hominid family, to which biological taxonomy refers the genus Homo, i.e. Humans, in particular, their living species Homo sapiens . All living individuals on the planet (organisms of the biosphere) exist and develop not separately, not in isolation from each other, but in a universal relationship, forming kingdoms of nature by similarity of their biological structure and functions, and biotopes and biocenoses by their habitats in the biosphere. Some organisms take food and energy directly from their inorganic environment (autotrophs) for their vital activity, while others (heterotrophs) feed first and themselves are organic food for their neighbors in the biocenosis. At the same time, a fierce struggle for survival is constantly being waged between different or even related organisms, during which some become predators and others become their victims. At the same time, there are also forms of long-term peaceful cohabitation of various organisms in the form of unilateral (parasitism) or bilateral mutually beneficial symbiosis. Modern human civilization, which emerged from nature 13-15 thousand years ago, has retained its fundamental ties with the vegetable (agriculture, logging, harvesting wild plants, fruits, berries, roots) and animal (animal husbandry, hunting, fishing) kingdoms of nature. Moreover, it exists thanks to these connections, as well as connections with the kingdoms of the most ancient microorganisms - bacteria and viruses. One part of these microorganisms is useful for a highly organized life, but the other part is pathogenic, i.e. It causes a number of dangerous, highly contagious infectious diseases in plants, animals and humans. Bacterial and viral epidemics and pandemics throughout the history of mankind have periodically and repeatedly led to countless human casualties, exceeding the losses from all regional and world wars. This book is a concise, publicly available, biological, medical and philosophical study of the problems of cognition and the struggle of mankind against bacterial and viral infections using the example of the epidemics of plague, influenza “Spanish flu" and modern coronavirus. The book provides a brief description of the kingdoms of nature (primarily bacteria and viruses), as well as the history of their study and discovery. The facts, features and lessons of epidemics and pandemics of the past are analyzed, the modern COVID-19 pandemic is considered, and generalizing conclusions are drawn on humanity's struggle against similar natural, man-made, and catastrophic phenomena. Special attention is paid to severe infections of the human respiratory system, atypical pneumonia and methods of combating them (with pneumonic plague, Spanish flu and covid-19, it is primarily the lungs that suffer, which leads to respiratory failure and severe, often fatal outcomes). Additionally, the issues of the structure and operation of the human immune system and increasing its immunity in the fight against infections are considered. The book is intended for a wide range of readers with different levels of education who are interested in the problems of interaction between nature and society, the evolution of mankind, the fight against bacterial and viral epidemics and the preservation of their own health in the face of such disasters.

В статье приводится наиболее общее, всеобъемлющее, философское определение понятия разума человека и кратко анализируются его пять наиболее существенных аспектов: онтологический, гносеологический, прагматический, прогностический и этический. Разум рассматривается как высшая стадия мышления человека и его эффективный приспособительный механизм, рожденный живой природой в ходе эволюции, борьбы за существование, естественного, а позже и общественного, отбора в популяциях биологического вида Гомо Сапиенс. Носителем разума является материальная динамическая знако-кодовая система нейронной сети головного мозга человека. Статья основана на идеях автора, изложенных в его двух философских монографиях: “Думать или верить? Ода человеческой ослиности” (Минск, 2014, 420 стр.) и “Фундаментальный материализм. Философия реального мира” (Москва,2024, 628 стр.).

A historical overview of the evolution of ideas about the origin of the world, man and his soul (psyche) in the civilizations of the Ancient East, including Ancient Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, Assyria), Ancient Egypt and Ancient India (Indian and Vedic civilizations) of the IV-I millennia BC. A comparative analysis of these ideas in the mythological religious, philosophical and medical aspects. The mythological concepts of the soul and its posthumous existence, as well as religious ideas about the purpose of man and the main purpose of his life, are clarified. Conclusions are drawn and assessments are given to the entire system of mythological and religious ideological representations of ancient civilizations from the standpoint of the philosophy of modern fundamental materialism.

Краткое введение Слово и понятие “прогресс” происходят от лат. progressus [pro вперед + gradi ступеньки, шаг] – поступательное движение, продвижение вперед, шаг за шагом. Со временем оно приобрело значение успеха, улучшения чего-либо (это слова синонимы прогресса). Антонимы – регресс (возврат назад), деградация (разрушение). Гиперонимы – изменение, развитие. Гипонимы – отставание, застой. Понятия прогресса и регресса получили широкое распространение в общественной жизни, культуре, науке (в частности, в биологии) и философии за последние 200 лет, т.е. с начала проникновения в науку идеи развития природы, общества и человека (Бюффон, Ламарк, Дарвин, Уоллес). Постепенно эти понятия превратились в общие догмы и клише, подобные всеобщим понятиям зла и добра, которыми идеологи разных мастей стали клеймить в собственных или групповых интересах те или иные процессы, происходящие в природе и обществе. Выставленные ими оценки - “это прогресс”, а “это регресс” - навязывались общественному и индивидуальному сознанию людей как абсолютные истины. Между тем, как нет созидания без разрушения (например, чтобы построить деревянный дом следует вначале срубить дерево, а чтобы съесть баранину надо сперва умертвить и разделать овцу), так нет прогресса без сопутствующего ему регресса (так, безмерное потребление человечеством природных ресурсов приводит к загрязнению и разрушению окружающей среды). Диалектика противоположных понятий заключается в невозможности их правильного применения в разрыве и обособлении их друг от друга и того реального процесса, который они обозначают и объясняют. Осмысленное, разумное, правильное применение общих и всеобщих противоположностей всегда требует учета конкретных условий, в которых они действуют. С древнейших времен мифология и религия абсолютизировали добро и зло, рассматривая их как отдельные, обособленные, принципиально несовместимые, враждебные и противоположные друг другу сущности (их олицетворяли в язычестве боги и демоны, а в монотеизме – Бог и Дьявол). Но если снять повязку с глаз и разума человека, то окажется, что на самом деле эти сущности тесно связаны друг с другом, зависят друг от друга и могут даже превращаться друг в друга. Так, например, война двух соседних народов друг с другом рассматривается с каждой стороны как борьба добра со злом. Только каждый народ понимает добро и зло по-разному: зло всегда отождествляется с врагом. Этот характерный пример демонстрирует принципиальную невозможность существования абсолютного зла или добра. Всегда при оценках надо учитывать конкретные реальные условия и обстоятельства. Что является прогрессом или регрессом в области живой и неживой природы, человеческого общества, каждого конкретного человека? Для ответа на эти вопросы следует учитывать диалектику этих понятий и контекст их употребления. О спорных моментах процесса познания мира в терминах прогресса-регресса и ведется спор в рассматриваемой ниже дискуссии.

THE PSYCHOPHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF POLTERGEIST This is the first and so far the only attempt in the world to explain Unknown Anomalous Phenomena, including poltergeist, telekinesis and UFO movement, from a scientific perspective that takes into account real, material, physical and mental processes. The basis of NYE's theory is my hypothesis about the effect of a low-frequency electromagnetic field (NEM) modulated by the biorhythms of the human brain phenomenon on the material space formed by the weakest and so far least studied fundamental interaction – the gravitational field (GP). I claim that space has a subtle gravitational structure, which can be influenced even by a weak NAMP with a certain type of modulation. This impact is the cause of all NAYA. Having studied the details of such an impact of a human phenomenon on space, it is possible to create appropriate technical means, including air and space transport without the use of mechanical and jet engines. I came to this understanding as a result of many years of observing the rarest person close to me-a phenomenon that involuntarily, against its will, spontaneously generates the phenomenon of a quiet poltergeist, i.e. changes, displacement, transformation and disappearance of real, everyday objects from a space closed to outsiders. From the standpoint of traditional scientific ideas, all this looks absurd and impossible in principle. As a materialist philosopher, I tried to give the first scientific explanation of what was happening. The paper provides more detailed explanations of this phenomenon and suggests further scientific steps to investigate it. Such research requires the integrated participation of physicists, neuroscientists, physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, engineers, and also requires the use of appropriate sophisticated electronic equipment. It is time for science to turn to a serious study of such phenomena, and not turn a blind eye to their existence. This will give a powerful impetus to the development of many physical and biological fields of science, as well as philosophy, summarizing the results of scientific knowledge of the world by mankind.

A compendium of the history and philosophy of wildlife from ancient mythology to scientific ideas of the XIX-XX centuries. Content: 1.1 Knowledge of wildlife: a long way from myths to science. 1.2 The evolution of pre-Darwinian ideas about the constancy and variability of species of living organisms. 1.3 The driving forces of wildlife development. Classical Darwinism: the struggle for existence, natural selection, inheritance of variability. 1.4 Genetic views on the hereditary transmission of species characteristics (preformism, epigenesis, pangenesis, neo-Darwinism). Literature.