Abolhassan Ali Eslami

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and debilitating disease of the central nervous system that significantly impacts cognitive, motor, and social functioning. This article, by combining predictive processing models and embodied philosophy, examines the role of myelin damage in cognitive and social disorders in MS. The body functions as an active predictor capable of complex predictions about various bodily and social states. In this article, the processes of prediction and body reconstruction are comprehensively examined from philosophical and scientific perspectives, and novel treatments, including combined approaches based on predictive processing and embodied philosophy, are proposed.

Developmental dyscalculia is generally recognized as a challenge in learning or processing numerical information, often associated with weaknesses in working memory or symbolic representation. This article introduces a more comprehensive and integrative perspective: examining dyscalculia through the framework of predictive processing (PP), which conceptualizes the brain as a system that continuously anticipates and refines its internal models to minimize unexpected outcomes. We investigate how dyscalculia may arise not solely from specific impairments, but from more profound disruptions in the brain's ability to allocate attention, formulate abstractions, and condense experiences into numerical representations. By integrating concepts from cognitive science, philosophy, deep learning, and anthropology, we analyze the difficulties faced by children with dyscalculia in establishing reliable predictive models of numbers, time, and quantity. Their challenges do not indicate a deficiency in intelligence, but rather a dissonance between conventional mathematics education and their brain's distinctive method of interpreting the world. By synthesizing insights from Piaget, game theory, category theory, and cultural numerical systems, we propose innovative, adaptable strategies for mathematical education. These strategies encompass embodied, metaphor-driven, rhythmic, and game-like methods that honor the variety of cognitive styles. Instead of compelling all children to conform to a singular mathematical paradigm, we advocate for a pluralistic and predictive approach to numbers that can accommodate dyscalculic learners at their current level and facilitate their growth from that point.

This article reexamines genius and extraordinary talent within the framework of predictive processing. Drawing upon an interdisciplinary synthesis of neuroscience, philosophy, chaos theory, information theory, and critical epistemologies, it attempts to analyze the genius mind as a dynamic, self-regulating system capable of reducing local entropy. From the perspective of local learning-global optimization, the genius, through deep focus on a specific domain, reconstructs global structures. The genius mind functions as a generative model with extensive scope, capable of minimizing prediction errors and utilizing them as raw material for creativity, constructive chaos, and semantic reconfiguration.

The developing human brain, far from a tabula rasa, is defined by a spectacular set of characteristics that enable robust and accelerated learning in a dirty and out-of-control world. The article proposes a novel theoretical framework, "Decentralized Frequentist Black Swan Antifragile Predictive Coding," to capture the young brain's unique cognitive structure. We suggest that the baby brain is essentially a frequentist predictive coder, which forms and constantly updates internal models based on statistical patterns in the world. Importantly, this apparatus is extremely sensitive to Black Swans, surprising events that, rather than causing turmoil, are strong signals for adaptation and learning, triggering an inherent antifragility. Furthermore, the decentralized network structure of the developing brain, particularly the emergent prefrontal cortex, is conducive to a non-hierarchical, adaptive style of processing. We integrate this approach with George Lakoff's theory of embodied cognition, contending that predictive coding by the infant is deeply sensorimotor-based. We further contend that mother-child dyad is a symbiotic learning environment that shapes such native capacities. Comparing this to David Graeber's reflections on play and bureaucracy and the notion of having a koan-like mind, we propose that the child has a "philosopher in the flesh" mind, engaging constructively with paradox and ambiguity. This integrative model has deep implications for cognitive development, for shaping educational models, and for motivating the creation of more adaptive and resilient artificial intelligence systems.

In this interdisciplinary essay, we reimagine Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s concept of the _Body without Organs_ (BwO) as a generative framework for understanding embodied cognition, affective flows, and predictive processing across biology, mathematics, and neuroscience. Moving beyond its philosophical origins, the BwO is developed here as a dynamic field of unformed potentiality that cuts across molecular biology, mathematical abstraction (as topological and categorical virtuality), and the neural-affective systems of cognition (as self-organizing predictive agents). We argue that cognition emerges through continuous negotiation with this pre-individual field—a process of sensing, predicting, and becoming shaped by affective micro-events, interoceptive modulations, and relational intensities. Drawing from process philosophy, embodied cognitive science, and dynamical systems theory, we position the BwO as an ontological ground for understanding not just the mind, but the very becoming of bodies, networks, and worlds. This essay proposes a novel conceptual ecology where the embodied brain is not an organized organ, but a fluid interface with the virtual: a topological becoming that reconfigures cognition as improvisation on a field of affective and mathematical possibility. This interdisciplinary framework invites empirical elaboration and theoretical critique from scholars in neuroscience, philosophy, biology, and mathematics. Keywords: Body Without Organs, Embodied Cognition, Predictive Processing, Affective Neuroscience, Process Philosophy, Philosophical Biology, Self-O​r​g​a​

This paper introduces an innovative philosophical framework that redefines mathematics as a negotiation between conflicting ontological domains—the ideal and the real—mediated through a recursive metaphysical loop of energy and information. By incorporating insights from theoretical physics, information theory, and mathematical philosophy, we illustrate how Closed Timelike Curves (CTCs) provide the scientific framework that permits timeless truths to permeate temporal reality without breaching causality. This framework is defined by three crucial characteristics: non-linearity, entropy mediation, and Gödelian limitation. We propose that what could be envisioned as a dramatic exchange of energy between incompatible universes can instead be understood as a recursive loop where the mediator—be it a human mathematician, cultural tradition, or computational system—serves as the essential cost of facilitating communication between these realms. Through formal mathematical models and philosophical arguments, we show that mathematics is neither merely the language of the universe nor solely a product of human invention, but rather a negotiation process between universes—a delicate, recursive, and partially impaired loop that enables the emergence of something new. This framework addresses enduring controversies in the philosophy of mathematics while providing fresh perspectives on the essence of mathematical creativity, discovery, and the seemingly "unreasonable effectiveness" of mathematics in articulating physical reality.