Angel Garcia

Entre las obligaciones morales de los Alcaldes, que establece Diego de Avendaño en su Thesaurus Indicus, hace referencia a la participación de los indios en las corridas de toros de la época. La extrañeza inicial que este aspecto puede ocasionar lleva a estudiar en el presente trabajo cuáles pudieron ser los motivos del jesuita para hacer puntualizaciones morales específicas para los indios, en tales espectáculos. Lo que, inevitablemente, obliga a recordar el carácter y modalidad que las corridas de toros tenían en el Siglo XVII.Palabras llave: Thesaurus Indicus; Obligaciones de los Alcaldes en la Colonia; Las corridas de toros y los indios.Among the moral obligations of mayors established by Diego de Avendaño in his Thesaurus Indicus, he makes reference to the participation of the indians in the bull fights of that period. The inicial strangeness of this topic could lead one to study the motives of the jesuits in this script by refering to pointing out specific morals for indians in these spectacles. This inevitably obliges us to remember the character and modality of bull fighting in the XVII Century.Palabras llave: Thesaurus indicus; mayoral obligations in the colonies; bull fighting; indians.

El presente trabajo, escrito en ocasión del centenario de García Bacca, pretende poner de manifiesto la dimensión pedagógica del Maestro. Y ello, a propósito de su trabajo como estudioso de la Filosofía Colonial Venezolana, tema frecuentemente obviado cuando se valora el trabajo de este filósofo.Palabras llave: García Bacca; Filosofía Colonial Venezolana; Pedagogía filosófica.This paper, written on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of García Bacca, proposes an exposition of the pedagogical dimension of this teacher, in relation to his works as a scholar in Venezuelan Colonial Philosophy, a theme frequently avoided when the work of this philosopher is evaluated.Palabras llave: García Bacca; Venezuelan Colonial Philosophy; philosophical pedagogy.

En el Título VI de su Thesaurus Indicus, Diego de Avendaño expone su opinión ética sobre los Corregidores de Indios, y su obligación de no hacer negocios en los que estuvieran involucrados los indígenas. Entre otros, el del cultivo y comercio de la coca. Se recogen en este trabajo los datos que sobre dichos cultivo y comercio nos aportan los cronistas y se analiza la opinión que, desde el punto de vista ético, nos da el jesuita sobre ello.Palabras llave: Diego de Avendaño; Thesaurus Indicus; ética colonial; Corregidores de Indios; coca.In the VI title of his Thesaurus Indicus, Diego de Avendaño shows his ethical opinion of the Spanish Magistrates in charge of the Indians, and their obligation of not doing business that would involve Indians, like the harvesting and trading of coca leaves. This article examines the information about that cropping and trading which is given to us by chroniclers and writers of colonial times, and the opinion that this Jesuit gives us from an ethical point of view.Palabras llave: Diego de Avendaño; Thesaurus Indicus; colonial ethics; Corregidores de Indios coca.

El fenómeno de la esclavitud acompañó a toda la época colonial. Un fenómeno cuyas raíces se ponen en la época clásica, de cuyo estudio se pasa normalmente al de sus manifestaciones en épocas coloniales. Inexplicablemente, suele haber un silencio casi general respecto a la esclavitud en la Edad Media: si en ella aumentó o disminuyó el número de esclavos, y por qué; si se dio -y cómo- o no se dio la esclavitud. El presente trabajo pretende aportar datos y opinión a tales interrogantes.Palabras llave: Edad Media; esclavitud; siervos de la gleba.The phenomenon of slavery was current during all of the America’s colonial times. This phenomenon has its roots in classical era, and the study of its manifestations in these last times normally follows the study of it in antiquity. Unexplainably, there is usually an almost general silence with respect to slavery in the Middles Ages: if in these times the number of slaves grew o diminished and why, or even if slavery as such existed -and how- or not. This article Intend to contribuye with informations and opinions on those questions.Palabras llave: Middle ages; slavery; serfs

Este artículo es un estudio comparativo de la manera en que Aristóteles y Alexis de Tocqueville conciben a la familia dentro del contexto de la democracia antigua y moderna, respectivamente. Se elabora un recorrido por la institución de la familia y el matrimonio en Grecia y Roma, y sus vinculaciones con las ideas políticas de esas civilizaciones. Igualmente, se contrasta el entendimiento antiguo de la democracia con el de Tocqueville, y se analiza la vinculación que éste estableció entre el hogar y la esfera pública en las democracias modernas.Palabras llave: Aristóteles; Alexis de Tocqueville; democracia antigua; democracia moderna; familia.This article is a comparative study of the way Aristotle and Alexis de Tocqueville conceive the institution of the family within the context of ancient and modern democracy, respectively. A survey through the institution of family and marriage in Greece and Rome is made, and their links with the political ideas of those civilizations. In the same manner, the article contrasts the ancient understanding of democracy with Tocqueville’s, and it analyzes the link that Tocqueville established between the domestic home and the public sphere in modern democracies.Palabras llave: Aristotle; Alexis de Tocqueville; ancient democracy; modern democracy; family.

The objective of this paper is to discuss the nature of nonconceptual, as opposed to conceptual, states and their content, by exploring the suggestion that the distinction between the conceptual and the nonconceptual be mapped onto the distinction between the linguistic and the nonlinguistic. This approach gives special relevance to our intuitions about the cognitive relationship between small children and adults, especially regarding the acquisition of concepts, in the course of normal cognitive development. Assuming that there is a developmental challenge to be met, the paper considers both the conceptualist and nonconceptualist strategies used to meet it; and concludes that conceptualism is a more satisfying option.

The logic of (commutative integral bounded) residuated lattices is known under different names in the literature: monoidal logic [26], intuitionistic logic without contraction [1], H BCK [36] (nowadays called by Ono), etc. In this paper we study the -fragment and the -fragment of the logical systems associated with residuated lattices, both from the perspective of Gentzen systems and from that of deductive systems. We stress that our notion of fragment considers the full consequence relation admitting hypotheses. It results that this notion of fragment is axiomatized by the rules of the sequent calculus for the connectives involved. We also prove that these deductive systems are non-protoalgebraic, while the Gentzen systems are algebraizable with equivalent algebraic semantics the varieties of pseudocomplemented (commutative integral bounded) semilatticed and latticed monoids, respectively. All the logical systems considered are decidable.

En este artículo el autor analiza la encíclica Caritas in veritate de Benedicto XVI teniendo como clave de lectura el mercado, el Estado y la sociedad civil, los cuales forman una unión osmótica en la que la persona, libre y responsable, puede expresarse en términos de desarrollo integral. El mercado pasa por el contrato, el Estado por las leyes justas y la sociedad civil por el don y la gratuidad. En este contexto, la sociedad civil es esencial para no encerrar al hombre entre el mercado y el Estado. In this article I discuss the encyclical Caritas in veritate, Benedict XVI having as key to reading the market, the state and civil society, which form a union in which the osmotic person, free and responsible, can be expressed in terms of development. The market goes through the contract, the State by just laws and civil society for the gift and gratuity. In this context, civil society is essential to not close man between the market and the state