Y Li

Professor Gu Mingyuan’s thought of educational discipline construction is part of his overall educational thought. He is not only a practitioner, but also a thinker of educational discipline construction. He is one of the important founders of the comparative education discipline in China after the reform and opening up since the beginning of the 1980s and also the promoter, supporter, and guide of the development of educational disciplines. He was the leader of the Educational Discipline Review Group of the State Council Discipline Review Group. The development of China’s education discipline has made great progress under his leadership. He visited all universities undergoing educational discipline construction in China at that time, provided them support and guidance in the process of educational discipline construction.

This article mainly investigates whether common Bayesian confirmation measures are affected by stopping rules. The results indicate that difference measure d, log-ratio measure r, and log-likelihood measure l are not affected by non-informative stopping rules, but affected by informative stopping rules. In contrast, Carnap measure τ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\tau $$\end{document}, normalized difference measure n, and Mortimer measure m are affected by (non-)informative stopping rules sometimes but sometimes aren’t. Besides, we use two examples to further illustrate that confirmation measures d, r, and l are better than τ,n\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\tau,n$$\end{document}, and m.

Human dignity is a crucial concept in contemporary ethical, political and legal studies. Protecting human dignity is a core value in modern human life. However, people have different, even opposite understandings of human dignity, which has caused lots of confusion in related discourses. The Confucian notion of human dignity provides an important perspective for reflecting various theories of human dignity. In Confucian ethics, the basis of human dignity is the moral potential that every human being naturally has. Moral potential grants everyone universal dignity, while the development of moral potential grants people acquired dignity. Since all human beings have moral potential to the same extent, everyone owns universal dignity equally. Different people develop their moral potential to different extents. One’s acquired dignity is positively associated with the development of her moral potential. Universal dignity is a moral status but acquired dignity is not. To pursue acquired dignity is the moral demand of universal dignity and protects people’s universal dignity. Confucian discussions on human dignity provide a promising way to justify the equality of human moral status, also, it reveals why the equality of humanity relies on the integrity of the human species. The Confucian concept of human dignity constitute a reliable theoretical basis for coping with ethical issues caused by technologies today.

The rulers of the Han Dynasty tried to establish rules over people’s minds, so they took a series of important moves that heavily influenced academic development. During the Earlier Han, the first move was Emperor Wen’s (reigned 179–157 BC) resumption of the boshi institution of the Qin Dynasty. The second move was Emperor Wu’s (reigned 140–87 BC) esteeming Confucianism only while deposing all other schools of learning according to Dong Zhongshu’s suggestion. The third move was Emperor Wu’s building the Tai Xue (or the Imperial College) in 135 BC and allowing only the Confucian 5-Classics to be taught in it. The fourth move was Emperor Xuan’s (reigned 73–49 BC) holding meetings on the Confucian 5-Classics at the Shiquge (or Stone Canal Hall) in 52 BC. The fifth move was that in 26 BC, Emperor Cheng (reigned 32–7 BC) ordered Liu Xiang and his son Liu Xin to collate books preserved in the imperial libraries. The rulers of the Later Han continued these measures and made them deeper and wider. Emperor Guangwu (reigned 25–57 AD) even talked about the Confucian 5-Classics himself in the imperial court, so Confucianism reached its peak time thereafter. Emperor Zhang (reigned 76–88 AD) summoned the meeting at the Baihuguan (White-tiger Pavilion) to discuss the meaning of each Confucian Classic. The collation of books and the local school system were both institutionalized in the Later Han.

The Han Dynasty was an important stage in China’s academic history, in which not only many brilliant academic achievements emerged but also three main features of traditional Chinese academics took form. The first feature was the comprehensiveness due to the unity of dao (or the law of the universe) and qi (or things). Namely, all traditional Chinese academics had the trait of encyclopaedia. The second feature was political-function-centered humanistic pragmatism. Politics was a very important part of human life and was certainly a vital part of traditional Chinese academics. However, it was the Han scholars who placed the most value on the political function of all studies. The third feature was continuity through interpretation. Traditional Chinese academics continued for thousands of years partly due to the interpretation of classic books. Han scholars initiated “xungu” or Chinese hermeneutics to interpret Confucian Classics. These interpretations not only preserved the original classic texts but also provided the standard meaning of the classic texts and allowed the classics to survive history by meeting the needs of the new times.

This chapter will continue to discuss books and scholars as academic carriers through the Han Dynasty. For the books, both the Earlier Han and the Later Han continued the policy of “collecting books” employed at the beginning of the Han Dynasty. Many libraries were built in the imperial capital, which were divided into “outside books” libraries for officials in various offices and “inside books” libraries for royal members in the royal court. In addition to official libraries, private libraries owned by ordinary families became increasingly popular, especially after Cai Lun invented paper. As for the scholars, most of them were actively engaged in teaching. The imperial government stressed education, especially the teaching of Confucianism, so it built colleges in the imperial capital and local schools of different levels all over the empire. Often, the teaching of one Classic developed into different schools or the “shifa”, which then developed further into different parties or the “jiafa”. Han scholars were also actively engaged in collating books; thus, many of our present versions of classics were actually determined by Han scholars. Most significantly, Han scholars were also actively engaged in writing books. They wrote books not only to interpret the Classics but also to study new social and natural phenomena.

This chapter will focus on the content of the main academic schools and discuss their development and changes in the Han Dynasty. The main academic schools in the Han Dynasty were actually the extension and development of the pre-Qin schools, which underwent great changes in the Han Dynasty. First, Confucianism became Neo-Confucianism. This was best demonstrated by Dong Zhongshu’s thoughts, who advocated such ideas as “the induction between Heaven and Human”, “the sovereign being chosen by the Heaven”, the “3-Gang” and the “5-Chang”, as well as the “Grand Unity”. Second, Daoism, which still had important influence in the Han Dynasty, had already turned into Neo-Daoism in the Qin Dynasty, which changed from escaping the world to entering the world, from criticizing Confucianism and Mohism to absorbing both, and creatively applied ideas such as the “ziran” and “wuwei” into politics. Third, the monopoly of Confucianism had great influence upon all schools in the Han Dynasty. The Confucian Classic Study, or the Jingxue, became increasingly booming. While all other schools declined. Daoism was dwarfed to the secondary place; Mohism disappeared completely; and Logicism, Legalism and Political Strategism turned into secret teachings. Fourth, the monopoly of Confucianism also led to most pre-Qin books undergoing revision and reconstruction to different degrees according to the dominant ideology through teaching and book collations in the Han Dynasty.

There must be academic carriers so that human knowledge and thoughts can exist and spread. There were mainly two types of academic carriers in ancient China: scholars and books. However, after the incident of the “burning books and burying Confucians” in the Qin Dynasty, as well as the peasant uprisings and the wars for imperial throne in the last years of the Qin Dynasty, both carriers suffered great losses. Therefore, the new regime of the Han Dynasty took many measures to protect the academic carriers so that the official and private academic carriers recovered gradually. This chapter will focus on the situation of scholars and books during the early years of the Han Dynasty. First, the scholars resumed their freedom of holding books and teaching activities soon after the Han Dynasty was founded; many of them took office in government or taught in the official schools, even serving as the boshi, while even more of them taught privately among the civilians, who were the disciples of various schools of teaching, especially of the Confucian school, who continued their teaching of the Confucian 6-Classics. Second, the imperial government and many local officials paid much attention to collecting and acquiring lost books from civilians so that countless lost books returned to the official book storage.

The Scholars of the Han Dynasty have made brilliant academic achievements in China’s history. These were never accidental achievements but instead resulted from abundant academic achievements of the pre-Qin times, as well as from the specific social and political background of the Han Dynasty. This chapter will discuss the historical background of academic achievements in the Han Dynasty from three aspects. First, the deep roots and driving forces of these academic achievements in the Han Dynasty were the radical social changes and transformations that took place in the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC) and the Warring States period (475–221 BC), when significant incidents such as economically abandoning “the well-field system” and politically abandoning the royal Zhou House and waging wars for hegemony occurred. Second, the direct foundation for the academic achievements in the Han Dynasty was the booming academic activity in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, which constituted the “axial period” together with Greece and India of the same time, when various new thoughts and different academic schools appeared, and the “Contention of Hundred Schools of Thought” became a popular phenomenon. Third, the specific social and political setting of the Han Dynasty conceived and stimulated new enormous needs for academic development, especially to support “Grand Unity” and to settle and develop imperial society; therefore, many new moves were employed to promote academic activities.

ABSTRACT Although peer support is documented as a predictor of adolescents’ prosocial behavior, the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families has not been fully researched. The current research conducted two studies to examine the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families. Study 1 (N = 579) investigated the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior with a longitudinal dataset. Study 2 (N = 228) investigated the effect of peer support priming on money donation with an experimental approach. The results of Study 1 and Study 2 consistently demonstrated that communal social goals mediated the association between peer support and prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families, and cumulative family risk moderated this indirect link. The positive effect of peer support on prosocial behavior through communal social goals might be weakened if adolescents experience more risk factors in the family context.

This article compares scholars’ reflections on May Fourth in Beijing and Shanghai in 1989, when China faced a series of large-scale protests. Although both groups of scholars commemorated the same event that happened seventy years ago, they had different interpretations of its significance due to their different concerns. Based on Hans-Georg Gadamer’s concept of the “fusion of horizons,” this comparison shows that the same May Fourth event yielded different meanings when the past was understood from the present.

Is the societal-level of analysis sufficient today to understand the values of those in the global workforce? Or are individual-level analyses more appropriate for assessing the influence of values on ethical behaviors across country workforces? Using multi-level analyses for a 48-society sample, we test the utility of both the societal-level and individual-level dimensions of collectivism and individualism values for predicting ethical behaviors of business professionals. Our values-based behavioral analysis indicates that values at the individual-level make a more significant contribution to explaining variance in ethical behaviors than do values at the societal-level. Implicitly, our findings question the soundness of using societal-level values measures. Implications for international business research are discussed.

In Art and Cosmotechnics Yuk Hui embarks on a groundbreaking philosophical journey to explore the relationship between art, technology, and cosmology in the context of contemporary thought. By stepping outside the standard West-East, past-present dichotomies to offer a rich, cross-cultural perspective--greatly informed by Daoist thought, but coupled with other philosophical traditions as well (both Greek and cybernetic)--the author provides an engaging analysis of the changing nature of art in our emerging post-philosophical context, one that is constantly destabilized and transformed by technology.This is not just an examination of art in the traditional manner, but a bold endeavor to offer alternative ways of... Read More.

Regulatory intervention is important in shaping corporate behaviour, especially in markets with relatively weak property rights. Using a sample of publicly listed companies in China from 2006 to 2021, this study investigates the impact of regulatory intervention in managers’ misconduct on the corporate idiosyncratic risk. Using a difference-in-differences design, we explore the idiosyncratic risk change after inspections of a manager’s misconduct to that of their counterparts who are not involved in misconduct activities. We find that inspections of corporate managers’ misconduct significantly reduce their firms’ risk by reducing investors’ heterogeneous beliefs and improving corporate transparency. This effect is more pronounced in firms with lower levels of information transparency and greater external attention pressure, suggesting that regulatory interventions could improve corporate information environment.

This paper argues that Hans Blumenberg’s theory illuminates a novel interpretation of the phenomenological concept of the lifeworld—as a world sustained by myths and their receptions. This paper combines two central themes in Blumenberg’s philosophy: his interpretation of Edmund Husserl and his aesthetics, especially his theory of the novel and of myth. My claim to originality is to offer a mythology of the lifeworld with the help of one of Blumenberg’s less-known texts, “Wirklichkeitsbegriff und Wirkungspotential des Mythos.” In the first part, I will examine a crucial aspect in Blumenberg’s reading of Husserl’s notion of the lifeworld, namely the unorthodox view that the lifeworld, as the foundation for sciences and their logos, itself has no need to resort to language. To put it mythically: the lifeworld is an expressionless state of naivety. To support this deconstructive reading, I will then turn to Blumenberg’s theory of the novel. As has been noticed by Blumenberg and his colleagues, the underlying meaning structure of the novel, or its “concept of reality,” has a typically modern character, and largely overlaps with the phenomenological idea of the world and lifeworld. However, in the second part, I will radicalize Blumenberg’s discussions about reality, and show that the novelistic reality can never fully supersede that of myth. Mythology has a persistent existence, and, in Blumenberg’s argument, the history of mythical reception reveals a perpetual movement of human struggle against terror. In this Blumenbergian philosophy of mythology, a new image of the lifeworld presents itself, a world made by the myth-telling humans, by their active and aesthetic use of words, instead of slumbers of naivety.

People routinely use facial expressions to communicate successfully and to regulate other’s behaviour, yet modelling the form and meaning of these facial behaviours has proven surprisingly complex. One reason for this difficulty may lie in an over-reliance on the assumptions inherent in existing theories of facial expression – specifically that (1) there is a putative set of facial expressions that signal an internal state of emotion, (2) patterns of facial movement have been empirically linked to the prototypical emotions in this set, and (3) static, non-social, posed images from convenience samples are adequate to validate the first two assumptions. These assumptions have guided the creation of datasets, which are then used to train unrepresentative computational models of facial expression. In this article, we discuss existing theories of facial expression and review how they have shaped current facial expression recognition tools. We then discuss the resources that are available to help researchers build a more ecologically valid model of facial expressions.

Based on upper echelon theory, we employ machine learning to explore how CEO characteristics influence corporate violations using a large-scale dataset of listed firms in China for the period 2010–2020. Comparing ten machine learning methods, we find that eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) outperforms the other models in predicting corporate violations. An interpretable model combining XGBoost and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) indicates that CEO characteristics play a central role in predicting corporate violations. Tenure has the strongest predictive power and is negatively associated with corporate violations, followed by marketing experience, education, duality (i.e., simultaneously holding the position of chairperson), and research and development experience. In contrast, shareholdings, age, and pay are positively related to corporate violations. We also analyze violation severity and violation type, confirming the role of tenure in predicting more severe and intentional violations. Overall, our findings contribute to preventing corporate violations, improving corporate governance, and maintaining order in the financial market.

As climate change intensifies, climate risk has become an unavoidable factor in corporate operations and has a significant impact on corporate environmental management activities. This paper takes China’s Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2022 as a sample to empirically analyze the impact of Confucian culture on corporate environmental information disclosure quality under the background of climate risk. The research found that: (1) Confucian culture mainly drives the improvement of the quality of corporate environmental information disclosure through two channels: promoting taking sustainability certification and improving public environmental concerns, (2) climate risk has a positive regulatory effect on the role of Confucian culture, (3) the driving role of Confucian culture in improving the quality of corporate environmental information disclosure is more obvious in non-state-owned enterprises, companies with good operating conditions, low levels of industry competition, and in regions with a low degree of openness to overseas. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into environmental information disclosure systems and informal systems of culture.

Background The ethical competence of head nurses plays a pivotal role in nursing ethics. Ethical climate is a prerequisite for ethical competence, and moral resilience can positively influence an individual’s ethical competence. However, few studies have focused on the relationship between ethical climate, moral resilience, and ethical competence among them. Objectives To investigate the relationship between ethical climate, moral resilience, and ethical competence, and examine the mediating role of moral resilience between ethical climate and ethical competence among head nurses. Design A quantitative, cross-sectional study. Methods A total of 309 Chinese head nurses completed an online survey, including ethical climate questionnaire, Rushton moral resilience scale, and ethical competence questionnaire. Inferential statistical analysis includes Pearson’s correlation and a structural equation model. Ethical considerations This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University (No. E2023146). Results Head nurses’ ethical climate score positively impacted ethical competence (r = 0.208, p

Although a tainted outside director’s social status may serve as a buffer against devaluation owing to an affiliate firm’s corporate financial misconduct, the extent of this buffer effect is unclear. We propose a threshold approach by introducing the expectancy violation perspective, which generates a theoretical tension from the network-embeddedness perspective, to clarify the following question: From which perspective does the buffer effect of social status become more salient? Specifically, we propose an inverted U–shaped relationship between the directors’ social status and the departure of tainted outside directors from host firms. We theorize that when directors’ social status exceeds a certain threshold, the network-embeddedness perspective is more dominant than the expectancy violation perspective. Moreover, a host firm’s external stakeholder attention and board social status moderate the inverted-U effect such that its turning point shifts to the right because such contingencies increase the threshold for the buffer. Using a sample of tainted outside directors penalized for associated firms’ financial misconduct, we find evidence that supports our predictions. Our study helps clarify the boundary between the competing theoretical perspectives of expectancy violation and network embeddedness to explain the phenomenon of tainted director departure.

Background As health education robots may potentially become a significant support force in nursing practice in the future, it is imperative to adhere to the European Union’s concept of “Responsible Research and Innovation” (RRI) and deeply reflect on the ethical risks hidden in the process of intelligent robotic health education. Aim This study explores the perceptions of professional nursing professionals regarding the potential ethical risks associated with the clinical practice of intelligent robotic health education. Research design This study adopts a descriptive phenomenological approach, employing Colaizzi’s seven-step method for data analysis. Participants and research context We conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 nursing professionals from tertiary comprehensive hospitals in China. Ethical considerations This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Second Chinese Medicine Hospital. Findings Nursing personnel, adhering to the principles of RRI and the concept of “person-centered” care, have critically reflected on the potential ethical risks inherent in robotic health education. This reflection has primarily identified six themes: (a) threats to human dignity, (b) concerns about patient safety, (c) apprehensions about privacy disclosure, (d) worries about implicit burdens, (e) concerns about responsibility attribution, and (f) expectations for social support. Conclusions This study focuses on health education robots, which are perceived to have minimal ethical risks, and provides rich and detailed insights into the ethical risks associated with robotic health education. Even seemingly safe health education robots elicit significant concerns among professionals regarding their safety and ethics in clinical practice. As we move forward, it is essential to remain attentive to the potential negative impacts of robots and actively address them.

Building on attribution theory, this study investigates the antecedents of corporate annual report text manipulation from the perspective of managerial performance pressure. Using a data set comprising 15,076 samples from companies listed on China's Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets between 2009 and 2021, we reveal that as management faces performance pressure, they tend to increase content about external environmental risk and policy uncertainty in annual reports due to actor–observer bias. When incorporating Confucian cultural factors into the research framework, the study found that the strength of Confucian culture mitigates the correlation between the pressure of management performance and annual report manipulation. However, the level of marketization where a corporation is located can undermine the ethical norms upheld by Confucian culture. In additional analysis, we also discovered that the longer the duration of performance pressure, the greater the extent of manipulation within the annual reports initiated by the management. Interestingly, the social performance pressure generated from ESG performance also positively influences annual report textual manipulation, compared to operational performance pressure. This study explores the impact of management performance pressure on information disclosure decisions from the perspective of performance attribution, not only extending the boundaries of attribution theory but also providing guidance for policymakers to enhance the supervision of annual report disclosures and for capital market investors to optimize investment decisions.

Background Stretch service goals strive to motivate healthcare practitioners to maintain high quality in service provision. However, little is known about how stretch service goals trigger nurses’ unethical behavior. Research aim This study aimed to investigate the influence of stretch service goals on nurses’ unethical behavior, as well as the mediating effects of patient entitlement and nurses’ emotional dissonance. Research design A quantitative cross-sectional study is designed. Participants and research context We sourced data by conducting a time-lagged three-wave survey study from March to September 2020. Random sampling was used, and data were collected from 422 nurse-patient pairs in Chinese hospitals. Bootstrapping method and structural equation modeling were employed to verify the conceptual model. Ethical considerations The study was approved by the designated authority within hospitals and ethical committees. Results Stretch service goals are not directly related to nurses’ unethical behavior. Stretch service goals can trigger nurses’ unethical behavior via patient entitlement. Patient entitlement and nurses’ emotional dissonance play a chain-mediating role between stretch service goals and nurses’ unethical behavior. Conclusions In the context of the healthcare industry, nurses may engage in unethical behavior due to the pressure of achieving stretch service goals. This study contributes to opening the “black box” of stretch service goals and nurses’ unethical behavior by exploring the chain-mediating effect of patient entitlement and nurses’ emotional dissonance.

Sustainable development of enterprises has attracted the attention of scholars and practitioners. Green entrepreneurship, as an important way to provide eco-friendly products and solve environmental problems, is a key way for the sustainable development of enterprises. However, due to the disadvantage faced by enterprises in pursuing costly sustainable actions, existing research on whether green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO) can bring about sustainable performance improvement has not yet reached a consensus, and the path and mechanism of transforming GEO into sustainable performance also need further exploration. Based on the Natural-Resource-Based View (NRBV), Entrepreneurial Orientation Theory and Dynamic Capability View (DCV), this study examines the impact of GEO on sustainable performance, the mediating role and chain mediating role of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition (EOR), and business model innovation (BMI). The results based on 207 agricultural enterprises reveal that: (a) GEO positively influences economic performance, environmental performance, and social performance; (b) EOR and BMI play mediating roles in the above relationships; (c) GEO can also indirectly affects sustainable performance through the chain mediating effect of EOR and BMI. The research results provide a new theoretical perspective for understanding the key antecedents of sustainable performance of enterprises, further open the “black box” of the mechanism between GEO and sustainable performance, expand the NRBV, Entrepreneurial Orientation Theory and DCV, and provide practical implications for green transformation in the agricultural sector and promoting its sustainable development.