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832The Significance of the Hypothetical in Natural Science (edited book)De Gruyter. 2009.How was the hypothetical character of theories of experience thought about throughout the history of science? The essays cover periods from the middle ages to the 19th and 20th centuries. It is fascinating to see how natural scientists and philosophers were increasingly forced to realize that a natural science without hypotheses is not possible.
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222Origins of the logical theory of probability: Von Kries, Wittgenstein, WaismannInternational Studies in the Philosophy of Science 15 (2). 2001.The physiologist and neo-Kantian philosopher Johannes von Kries (1853-1928) wrote one of the most philosophically important works on the foundation of probability after P.S. Laplace and before the First World War, his Principien der Wohrscheinlich-keitsrechnung (1886, repr. 1927). In this book, von Kries developed a highly original interpretation of probability, which maintains it to be both logical and objectively physical. After presenting his approach I shall pursue the influence it had on Lu…Read more
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2Um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts tritt die Sinnesphysiologie in eine neue Phase ein. Sie löst sich allmählich von der akademischen Philosophie und bildet sich zu einer professionellen experimentellen Disziplin aus. Trotzdem ist die Philosophie aber nicht völlig aus dem Spiel; es kommt vielmehr zu einem Wettstreit physiologischer Schulen innerhalb der Physiologie selbst um ihre impliziten philosophischen Anschauungen. Außerdem liefern sich die längst etablierte Disziplinen der Physik, Physiologi…Read more
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128Causal and Symbolic Understanding in Historical EpistemologyErkenntnis 75 (3): 467-482. 2011.The term “historical epistemology” can be read in two different ways: (1) as referring to a program of ‘historicizing’ epistemology, in the sense of a critique of traditional epistemology’s tendency to gloss over historical context, or (2) as a manifesto of ‘epistemologizing’ history, i.e. as a critique of radical historicist and relativist approaches. In this paper I will defend a position in this second sense. I show that one can account for the historical development and diversity of science …Read more
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2Der Weltbildbegriff, wie er sich im 19. Jahrhundert herausgebildet hat, bezeichnet die zusammenfassende Darstellung der Welt gemäß den Ergebnissen der Naturwissenschaften. Mehr oder weniger untergründig ist damit aber noch mehr mitgemeint: eine aus der Wissenschaft fließende Weltdeutung, die sich an die Stelle der überkommenen Sinnorientierungen und deren Instanzen setzt. Die wissenschaftliche Forschung des späten 19. Jahrhunderts sah sich diesem Ziel der Weltdeutung aus Wissenschaft zum Greifen…Read more
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842Alternative Interpretationen der Repräsentationstheorie der MessungIn Georg Meggle & Ulla Wessels (eds.), Analyōmen 1 =, W. De Gruyter. pp. 310-323. 1994.Four different interpretations of measurement are distinguished that are compatible with the formal frame of the representational theory of measurement: (1) the classical interpretation, the additive, (3) the operationalis, (4) the correlative one.
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41Schwerpunkt: zum Wandel der Wissenschaftsauffassung im Späten 19. Jahrhundert: Hermann von Helmholtz'Erkenntnistheorie in der DiskussionDeutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 43 (5): 815-817. 1995.
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5Naturphilosophie refers to the philosophy of nature prevalent especially in German phi- losophy, science and literary movements from around 1790 to about 1830. It pleaded for an organic and dynamic worldview as an alternative to the atomist and mechanist outlook of modern science. Against the Cartesian dualism of matter and mind which had given way to the mechanist materialism of the French Encyclopedists, Spinoza’s dual aspect theory of mind and matter as two modes of a single substance was fav…Read more
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2Wenn hier Fechners Philosophie als „wissenschaftlich-philosophische Weltauffassung“ bezeichnet wird, dann soll damit gesagt werden, dass Fechner mit seiner Philosophie einen wissenschaftlichen Anspruch verfolgt hat und dass sie tatsächlich auf einem weltanschauungsfreien Fundament ruht. Ich möchte sogar so weit gehen zu behaupten, dass Fechner damit zur Tradition der „wissenschaftlichen Philosophie“ des 19. Jahrhunderts zu rechnen ist, deren folgenreichstes späteres Produkt im 20. Jahrhundert de…Read more
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29EinleitungIn Wolfgang Balzer & Michael Heidelberger (eds.), Zur Logik empirischer Theorien, De Gruyter. pp. 1-19. 1983.
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38Im Rahmen der vorjährigen "Third International History of Philosophy of Science Conference” (HOPOS 2000) an der Universität Wien wurden die politische Bedeutung und der kulturelle Kontext der aus Wien stammenden, jedoch vertriebenen Wissenschaftsphilosophie in einem eigenen Programmschwerpunkt thematisiert. In je vier deutschsprachigen und englischsprachigen Beiträgen werden im vorliegenden Band die historische und politische Bedingtheit und Relevanz des Wiener Kreises bis zur Philosophy of Scie…Read more
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861Büchner, Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig (louis) (1824--99)In Edward Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal, Routledge. pp. 48-51. 1996.Ludwig Büchner wrote one of the most popular and polemical books of the strong materialist movement in the later nineteenth-century Germany, his Kraft und Stoff (Force and Matter) (1855). He tried to develop a comprehensive worldview, which was based solely on the findings of empirical science and did not take refuge in religion or any other transcendent categories in explaining nature and its development, including human beings. When Büchner tried to expose the backwardness of traditional philo…Read more
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The Unity of Nature and Mind: Gustav Theodor Fechner's Non-Reductive MaterialismBoston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 152 215-215. 1993.
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Force, law, and experiment: The evolution of helmholtz's philosophy of scienceIn David Cahan (ed.), Hermann Von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science, University of California Press. pp. 461-497. 1993.
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Criticism of positivism : Emile Meyerson and Hélène MetzgerCorpus: Revue de philosophie 8 151-160. 1988.
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Wandlungstypen in den Baconischen Wissenschaften im Deutschland des frühen 19. JahrhundertsPhilosophia Naturalis 20 (1): 112-126. 1983.The way how the Baconian Sciences (Kuhn's term) in early 19th c. German physics changed from a qualitative to a mathematical outlook.
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172Applying models in fluid dynamicsInternational Studies in the Philosophy of Science 20 (1). 2006.The following article treats the 'applicational turn' of modern fluid dynamics as it set in at the beginning of the 20th century with Ludwig Prandtl's concept of the boundary layer. It seeks to show that there is much more to applying a theory in a highly mathematical field like fluid dynamics than deriving a special case from a general explanatory theory under particular antecedent conditions. In Prandtl's case, the decisive move was to introduce a model that provided a physical/causal concepti…Read more
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60Towards a logical reconstruction of revolutionary change: The case of Ohm as an exampleStudies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 11 (2): 103-121. 1980.
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207Nature From Within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and His Psychophysical WorldviewUniversity of Pittsburgh Press. 2004.Michael Heidelberger's exhaustive exploration of Fechner's writings, in relation to current issues in the field, successfully reestablishes Fechner'...
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25Ergänzende LiteraturangabenIn Wolfgang Balzer & Michael Heidelberger (eds.), Zur Logik empirischer Theorien, De Gruyter. pp. 20-23. 1983.
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97The Probabilistic Revolution, Volume 1 (edited book)Mit Press: Cambridge. 1987.Preface to Volumes 1 and 2 Lorenz Krüger xv Introduction to Volume 1 Lorraine J. Daston 1 I Revolution 1 What Are Scientific Revolutions? Thomas S. Kuhn 7 2 Scientific Revolutions, Revolutions in Science, and a Probabilistic Revolution 1800-1930 I. Bernard Cohen 23 3 Was There a Probabilistic Revolution 1800-1930? Ian Hacking 45 II Concepts 4 The Slow Rise of Probabilism: Philosophical Arguments in the Nineteenth Century Lorenz Krüger 59 5 The Decline of the Laplacian Theory of Probability: A St…Read more
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50Beziehungen zwischen Sinnesphysiologie und Philosophie im 19. JahrhundertIn Hans-jörg Sandkühler (ed.), Philosophie und Wissenschaften, Peter Lang. pp. 37--58. 1997.
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2Wie das Leib-Seele Problem in den Logischen Empirismus kamE-Journal Philosophie der Psychologie 2. 2005.
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Logical Empiricism: Historical & Contemporary Perspectives (edited book)University of Pittsburgh Press. 2003.This collection of essays reexamines the origins of logical empiricism and offers fresh insights into its relationship to contemporary philosophy of science.
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201From neo-kantianism to critical realism: Space and the mind-body problem in riehl and SchlickPerspectives on Science 15 (1): 26-48. 2007.This article deals with Moritz Schlick's critical realism and its sources that dominated his philosophy until about 1925. It is shown that his celebrated analysis of Einstein's relativity theory is the result of an earlier philosophical discussion about space perception and its role for the theory of space. In particular, Schlick's "method of coincidences" did not owe anything to "entirely new principles" based on the work of Einstein, Poincaré or Hilbert, as claimed by Michael Friedman, but was…Read more