Steven Nadler

Résumé La première lettre d’Arnauld à Leibniz, le 13 mars 1686, fut écrite peu de temps après la publication de ses Réflexions philosophiques et théologiques contre le Traité de la nature et de la grâce de Malebranche, dans lesquelles il critique la manière dont l’oratorien rend compte de la nature et de l’étendue de la providence divine. Or, bien que les premiers échanges entre Arnauld et Leibniz semblent privilégier la question de la liberté divine, le problème de la providence est lui aussi bien présent. J’essaie de montrer que les positions d’Arnauld sur la providence, d’abord dirigées contre Malebranche dans les Réflexions, aident à jeter une lumière nouvelle sur ce qui constitue l’objet principal de ses préoccupations quand il réagit négativement au sommaire de l’article XIII du Discours de métaphysique, et que les réponses de Leibniz aux objections d’Arnauld ont elles-mêmes été influencées par sa connaissance précise de la controverse entre Arnauld et Malebranche.

Political Writings. By Joseph Priestley, edited by Peter Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) xxxix + 147 pp. £30.00 cloth, £10.95 paper. Blessings in Disguise; or, The Morality of Evil. By Jean Starobinski, translated by A. Goldham‐mer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993) 235 pp. $39.95 cloth. Questions of Identity: Czech and Slovak Ideas of Nationality and Personality. By Robert Pynsent (London: Oxford University Press, 1994) 244 pp. $49.94/£25.00 cloth. Voltaire: Political Writings. Edited by David Williams (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) lii + 290 pp. $59.95/£35.00 cloth, $16.95/ £12.95 paper. The Rise and Fall of the Grenvilles: The Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos 1710–1921. By John Beckette (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994) xii + 308 pp. $79.95 cloth; $29.95 paper. Guillaume le Taciturne. By Bernard Quilliet (Paris: Fayard, 1994) 654 pp. FF. 170. Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1880. By Anthony Grafton (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994) 243 pp. $16.95 paper. Health and Wealth. In Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fall 1994. 216 pp. US $7.95. Histoire de la Santé. By Andre Rauch (Paris: Que sais‐je? Presses Univer‐sitaires de France, 1994) 127 pp. The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200. By John W. Baldwin; The Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994) 331 pp., $43.25/£29.95 cloth. Berthe Morisot's Images of Women. By Anne Higonnet (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1994) 311 pp. $19.95 paper. Innocence Lost. By Christopher Gowans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), xiii + 257 pp., $45.00/£32.50 cloth. The Ethics of Reading in Manuscript Culture: Glossing the Libro de buen amor. By John Dagenais (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) xxiii + 278 pp. Edmund Burke: Modernity, Politics, Aesthetics. By Stephen K. White (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1994) xx + 95 pp., $17.95 paper. Reason, Will and Sensation: Studies in Descartes's Metaphysics. Edited by John Cottingham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) 333 pp. Richard III: A Medieval Kingship. Edited by John Gillingham (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994) 154 pp. $29.95. Ending the Terror: The French Revolution after Robespierre. By Bronislaw Baczko (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) 269 pp. $59.95/£37.50 cloth. Plotinus or the Simplicity of Vision. By Pierre Hadot, translated by Michael Chase (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) xiii + 138 pp. $28.75/£19.95 cloth. Resistance Against the Third Reich 1933–1990. Edited by Michael Geyer and John W. Boyer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) 357 pp. $39.95 cloth, $15.95 paper. The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan War Against Spain 1595–1603. By R. B. Wernham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) xiv + 452 pp. £45.00 cloth. Aesthetic Judgment and the Moral Image of the World: Studies in Kant. By Dieter Henrich. Stanford Series in Philosophy, Studies in Kant and German Idealism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) x + 99 pp. Defining the Common Good. Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth‐Century Britain. By Peter N. Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xii + 472 pp. £45.00/$69.95 cloth. Medieval Lives: Eight Charismatic Men and Women in the Middle Ages. By Normal F. Cantor (New York: HarperCollins, 1994) $23.00. Margaret Fell and the Rise of Quakerism. By Bonnelyn Young Kunze (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) xix + 327 pp. $39.50. A. D. Momigliano: Studies on Modern Scholarship. Ed. G. W. Bowersock and T. J. Cornell (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) xxi +341 pp. $40.00 cloth, $17.00 paper. The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment. By Dena Goodman (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994) xii +338 pp. $38.50 cloth. The History of the University of Oxford. Volume 8: The Twentieth Century. Edited by Brian Harrison (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) xxix + 872 pp. £50 cloth. High and Low Cultures: German Attempts at Mediation. Edited by Reinhold Grimm and Jost Hermand (Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994) viii + 140 pp. $22.50 cloth. Read My Desire: Lacan against the Historicists. By Joan Copjec (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994) x + 272 pp. $24.95 cloth. A Holy Commonwealth. By Richard Baxter, edited by William Lamont (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xxxi + 254 pp. £35.00/$59.95 cloth, £12.95/$18.95 paper. Post‐Liberalism: Studies in Political Thought. By John Gray (New York and London: Routledge, 1994) x + 358 pp. £35.00 cloth. Radical Theories: Paths Beyond Marxism and Social Democracy. By Darrow Schecter (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1994) 205 pp. £14.99 paper, £40.00 cloth. Thinking Out Loud: An Essay on the Relation between Thought and Language. By Christopher Gauker (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) x + 327 pp. $35.00 cloth. The Invention of the Modern Republic. Edited by Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xii + 234 pp. £35.00/ $54.95 cloth. Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos: or, concerning the legitimate power of a prince over the people, and of the people over a prince. By Stephanus Junius Brutus, the Celt; edited and translated by George Garnett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) lxxxviii + 221 pp. £45.00/$74.95 cloth. Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism. By Michael A. Osborne (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994) 216 pp. $35.00 cloth. The Politics of the Picturesque: Literature, Landscapes and Aesthetics since 1770. Edited by Stephen Copley and Peter Garside (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), xiv + 303 pp. £35.00 cloth. La synagogue vide: Les sources marranes du spinozisme. By Gabriel Albiac (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994) 481 pp. FF 298 paper. Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture. By William Eamon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) xv + 490 pp. cloth. Ecrits autobiographiques 1856–1869. By Friedrich Nietzsche. Translation and notes by Marc Crépon. Fatum et histoire, 1862. Liberté de la volonté et fatum, 1862. Translation by Max Marcuzzi, with a study on Amitié, lecture et écriture by Marc Crépon (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994) 234 pp. FF 188. In the Eye's Mind: Vision and the Helmholtz‐Hering Controversy. By R. Steven Turner (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) xiv + 338 pp. $49.50/£37.50 cloth. Memoir of a Victorian Woman: Reflections of Louise Creighton, 1850–1936. Edited by James Thayne Covert (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994) xvi + 187 pp. $29.95 cloth. From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union. By Minxin Pei (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994) 253 pp. $39.95 cloth. What is Europe? Aspects of European Diversity. Edited by Monica Shelley and Margaret Winck (Milton Keynes and London: Open University and Routledge, 1995). Law and Citizenship in Early Modern France. By Charlotte C. Wells (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995) xviii +198 pp. $45.00 Twentieth‐Century Dictatorships: The Ideological One‐Party States. By Paul Brooker (New York New York University Press, 1995) 311 pp. $40.00 Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays. Edited by Stephen Copley and Kathryn Sutherland Texts in Culture Series (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), xiii + 199 pp. + index $19.95 paper, $49.95 cloth. Austrian Exodus: The Creative Achievements of Refugees from National Socialism. Edited by Edward Timms and Ritchie Robertson. Austrian Studies volume 6 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995), xv + 222 pp. £35.00 cloth. Politics and the Parlement of Paris under Louis XV, 1754–1774. By Julian Swann (Cambridge‐Cambridge University Press, 1995) x + 380 pp. £$19.95/$29.95 paper, £45.00/$69.95 cloth. What Future for the State? In Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Spring 1995, xxiv + 231 pp. US $7.95, Canada $10.35. Envisioning America: English Plans for the Colonization of North America, 1580–1640. Edited by Peter C. Mancall. Bedford Series in History and Culture (Boston and New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1995) x +182 pp. $35.00 cloth. Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Edited by Peter F. Sugar and Ivo John Lederer (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994) xiii + 465 pp. $25.00 paper. Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment. By Larry Wolff (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) xii + 419 pp. $35.00 cloth. Where Shall Wisdom Be Found? Calvin's Exegesis of Job from Medieval and Modern Perspectives. By Susan E. Schreiner (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994) ix + 264 pp. $41.50/£28.75 cloth. The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire. By Pamela H. Smith (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) ix + 308 pp. $45.00/£30.00 cloth. Weber, Political Writings. Edited by P. Lassman and R. Spiers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xxxi + 390 pp. £27.95/$49.95 cloth, £10.95/$ 14.95 paper. The Great Arnauld and Some of His Philosophical Correspondents. Edited by Elmar J. Kremer (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994) vii + 249 pp. $65.00 cloth. Schopenhauer. By Christopher Janaway (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) 113 pp. £5.99. The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry. By H. Floris Cohen (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994) xviii + 662 pp. $75.00/£59.95 cloth, $26.95/£21.50 paper. Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638–1651. By Charles Carlton (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), xii + 428 pp. £12.99 paper. The Emergence of Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century: A Privileged Moment in the History of England, Scotland and France. By Marvin B. Becker (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994) xxiii + 164 pp.

Political Writings. By Joseph Priestley, edited by Peter Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) xxxix + 147 pp. £30.00 cloth, £10.95 paper. Blessings in Disguise; or, The Morality of Evil. By Jean Starobinski, translated by A. Goldham‐mer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993) 235 pp. $39.95 cloth. Questions of Identity: Czech and Slovak Ideas of Nationality and Personality. By Robert Pynsent (London: Oxford University Press, 1994) 244 pp. $49.94/£25.00 cloth. Voltaire: Political Writings. Edited by David Williams (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) lii + 290 pp. $59.95/£35.00 cloth, $16.95/ £12.95 paper. The Rise and Fall of the Grenvilles: The Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos 1710–1921. By John Beckette (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994) xii + 308 pp. $79.95 cloth; $29.95 paper. Guillaume le Taciturne. By Bernard Quilliet (Paris: Fayard, 1994) 654 pp. FF. 170. Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1880. By Anthony Grafton (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994) 243 pp. $16.95 paper. Health and Wealth. In Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fall 1994. 216 pp. US $7.95. Histoire de la Santé. By Andre Rauch (Paris: Que sais‐je? Presses Univer‐sitaires de France, 1994) 127 pp. The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200. By John W. Baldwin; The Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994) 331 pp., $43.25/£29.95 cloth. Berthe Morisot's Images of Women. By Anne Higonnet (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1994) 311 pp. $19.95 paper. Innocence Lost. By Christopher Gowans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), xiii + 257 pp., $45.00/£32.50 cloth. The Ethics of Reading in Manuscript Culture: Glossing the Libro de buen amor. By John Dagenais (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) xxiii + 278 pp. Edmund Burke: Modernity, Politics, Aesthetics. By Stephen K. White (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1994) xx + 95 pp., $17.95 paper. Reason, Will and Sensation: Studies in Descartes's Metaphysics. Edited by John Cottingham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) 333 pp. Richard III: A Medieval Kingship. Edited by John Gillingham (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994) 154 pp. $29.95. Ending the Terror: The French Revolution after Robespierre. By Bronislaw Baczko (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) 269 pp. $59.95/£37.50 cloth. Plotinus or the Simplicity of Vision. By Pierre Hadot, translated by Michael Chase (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) xiii + 138 pp. $28.75/£19.95 cloth. Resistance Against the Third Reich 1933–1990. Edited by Michael Geyer and John W. Boyer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) 357 pp. $39.95 cloth, $15.95 paper. The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan War Against Spain 1595–1603. By R. B. Wernham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) xiv + 452 pp. £45.00 cloth. Aesthetic Judgment and the Moral Image of the World: Studies in Kant. By Dieter Henrich. Stanford Series in Philosophy, Studies in Kant and German Idealism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) x + 99 pp. Defining the Common Good. Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth‐Century Britain. By Peter N. Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xii + 472 pp. £45.00/$69.95 cloth. Medieval Lives: Eight Charismatic Men and Women in the Middle Ages. By Normal F. Cantor (New York: HarperCollins, 1994) $23.00. Margaret Fell and the Rise of Quakerism. By Bonnelyn Young Kunze (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) xix + 327 pp. $39.50. A. D. Momigliano: Studies on Modern Scholarship. Ed. G. W. Bowersock and T. J. Cornell (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) xxi +341 pp. $40.00 cloth, $17.00 paper. The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment. By Dena Goodman (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994) xii +338 pp. $38.50 cloth. The History of the University of Oxford. Volume 8: The Twentieth Century. Edited by Brian Harrison (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) xxix + 872 pp. £50 cloth. High and Low Cultures: German Attempts at Mediation. Edited by Reinhold Grimm and Jost Hermand (Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994) viii + 140 pp. $22.50 cloth. Read My Desire: Lacan against the Historicists. By Joan Copjec (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994) x + 272 pp. $24.95 cloth. A Holy Commonwealth. By Richard Baxter, edited by William Lamont (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xxxi + 254 pp. £35.00/$59.95 cloth, £12.95/$18.95 paper. Post‐Liberalism: Studies in Political Thought. By John Gray (New York and London: Routledge, 1994) x + 358 pp. £35.00 cloth. Radical Theories: Paths Beyond Marxism and Social Democracy. By Darrow Schecter (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1994) 205 pp. £14.99 paper, £40.00 cloth. Thinking Out Loud: An Essay on the Relation between Thought and Language. By Christopher Gauker (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) x + 327 pp. $35.00 cloth. The Invention of the Modern Republic. Edited by Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xii + 234 pp. £35.00/ $54.95 cloth. Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos: or, concerning the legitimate power of a prince over the people, and of the people over a prince. By Stephanus Junius Brutus, the Celt; edited and translated by George Garnett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) lxxxviii + 221 pp. £45.00/$74.95 cloth. Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism. By Michael A. Osborne (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994) 216 pp. $35.00 cloth. The Politics of the Picturesque: Literature, Landscapes and Aesthetics since 1770. Edited by Stephen Copley and Peter Garside (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), xiv + 303 pp. £35.00 cloth. La synagogue vide: Les sources marranes du spinozisme. By Gabriel Albiac (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994) 481 pp. FF 298 paper. Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture. By William Eamon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) xv + 490 pp. cloth. Ecrits autobiographiques 1856–1869. By Friedrich Nietzsche. Translation and notes by Marc Crépon. Fatum et histoire, 1862. Liberté de la volonté et fatum, 1862. Translation by Max Marcuzzi, with a study on Amitié, lecture et écriture by Marc Crépon (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994) 234 pp. FF 188. In the Eye's Mind: Vision and the Helmholtz‐Hering Controversy. By R. Steven Turner (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) xiv + 338 pp. $49.50/£37.50 cloth. Memoir of a Victorian Woman: Reflections of Louise Creighton, 1850–1936. Edited by James Thayne Covert (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994) xvi + 187 pp. $29.95 cloth. From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union. By Minxin Pei (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994) 253 pp. $39.95 cloth. What is Europe? Aspects of European Diversity. Edited by Monica Shelley and Margaret Winck (Milton Keynes and London: Open University and Routledge, 1995). Law and Citizenship in Early Modern France. By Charlotte C. Wells (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995) xviii +198 pp. $45.00 Twentieth‐Century Dictatorships: The Ideological One‐Party States. By Paul Brooker (New York New York University Press, 1995) 311 pp. $40.00 Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays. Edited by Stephen Copley and Kathryn Sutherland Texts in Culture Series (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), xiii + 199 pp. + index $19.95 paper, $49.95 cloth. Austrian Exodus: The Creative Achievements of Refugees from National Socialism. Edited by Edward Timms and Ritchie Robertson. Austrian Studies volume 6 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995), xv + 222 pp. £35.00 cloth. Politics and the Parlement of Paris under Louis XV, 1754–1774. By Julian Swann (Cambridge‐Cambridge University Press, 1995) x + 380 pp. £$19.95/$29.95 paper, £45.00/$69.95 cloth. What Future for the State? In Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Spring 1995, xxiv + 231 pp. US $7.95, Canada $10.35. Envisioning America: English Plans for the Colonization of North America, 1580–1640. Edited by Peter C. Mancall. Bedford Series in History and Culture (Boston and New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1995) x +182 pp. $35.00 cloth. Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Edited by Peter F. Sugar and Ivo John Lederer (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994) xiii + 465 pp. $25.00 paper. Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment. By Larry Wolff (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) xii + 419 pp. $35.00 cloth. Where Shall Wisdom Be Found? Calvin's Exegesis of Job from Medieval and Modern Perspectives. By Susan E. Schreiner (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994) ix + 264 pp. $41.50/£28.75 cloth. The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire. By Pamela H. Smith (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) ix + 308 pp. $45.00/£30.00 cloth. Weber, Political Writings. Edited by P. Lassman and R. Spiers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xxxi + 390 pp. £27.95/$49.95 cloth, £10.95/$ 14.95 paper. The Great Arnauld and Some of His Philosophical Correspondents. Edited by Elmar J. Kremer (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994) vii + 249 pp. $65.00 cloth. Schopenhauer. By Christopher Janaway (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) 113 pp. £5.99. The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry. By H. Floris Cohen (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994) xviii + 662 pp. $75.00/£59.95 cloth, $26.95/£21.50 paper. Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638–1651. By Charles Carlton (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), xii + 428 pp. £12.99 paper. The Emergence of Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century: A Privileged Moment in the History of England, Scotland and France. By Marvin B. Becker (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994) xxiii + 164 pp.

This is a study of Arnauld's theory of perceptual acquaintance in the light of his commitment to Cartesian philosophy. I begin with an examination of the nature and extent of Arnauld's commitment to Descartes' method and metaphysics. In chapter III I look at Malebranche's theory of ideas and perception, arguing that it is open to both a representationalist interpretation and, in some contexts, a direct realist interpretation. Arnauld's critique of Malebranche is examined in chapter IV. In chapter V I present an analysis of Arnauld's act theory of ideas wherein I argue that Arnauld holds a direct realist account of our perceptual acquaintance with the external world. Arnauld's understanding of 'idea' often follows Descartes' own use of the term. I support this claim by examining several important contexts from Descartes' where 'idea' is used to refer not to mental objects perceived, but rather to mental acts or operations. Finally, in chapter VI, I turn to Arnauld's account of the intentionality of perception. I first examine briefly the notion of 'objective being' as it appears in late scholastic thought and in Descartes. I then look at the way in which the representational content/objective reality of ideas is central to Arnauld's theory of intentionality