•  83
    Variables in Natural Language: Where Do They Come From?'
    In Michael Böttner & Wolf Thümmel (eds.), Variable-Free Semantics, Secolo. pp. 46--65. 2000.
  •  39
    S pojmem možného světa se můžeme setkat již ve scholastice. Na úsvitu novověké filosofie ho G. Leibniz použil, když se pokoušel odpovědět na otázku, proč Bůh dopouští tolik zjevného neštěstí: jeho odpovědí bylo, že Bůh nám dává žít v nejlepším z těch světů, které jsou možné.
  •  161
    Inferentialism, which I am going to present in detail in the following sections, is the view that meanings are, roughly, roles that are acquired by types of sounds and inscriptions in virtue of their being treated according to rules of our language games, roughly in the sense in which wooden pieces acquire certain roles by being treated according the rules of chess. The most important consequences are that (i) a meaning is not an object labeled (stood for, represented ...) by an expression; and …Read more
  •  44
    Spory o realismus, Hegel a jazyk (y) matematiky
    Organon F: Medzinárodný Časopis Pre Analytickú Filozofiu 19 (1): 66-83. 2012.
  •  59
    Podíváme-li se na rané Platónovy dialogy, vidíme, že o co v nich jde především, je předvedení toho, že pojmy mají relativně jasné hranice, že zdánlivému chaosu užívání slov vládne jistý pevný řád, který si člověk dokáže i explicitně uvědomit, je-li k tomu vhodným způsobem veden. Snaha o zdůraznění a znázornění tohoto na první pohled neviditelného 'řádu v chaosu' pak podle mého názoru postupně vedla i ke konstituci Platónovy mytologie říše idejí, které, ač neviděny, hrají z hlediska viditelného s…Read more
  •  51
    Imagine a Paleolithic hunter, who has failed to hunt down anything for a couple of days and is hungry. He has an urgent desire, the desire to eat, which he is not able to fulfill – his desire is frustrated by the world. Now imagine our contemporary bank clerk, who went to work forgetting his wallet at home and is hungry too. He too is not able to fulfill his urgent desire to eat because it is frustrated by the world. From the viewpoint of the two individuals the situation is very similar. Howeve…Read more
  • [So once again on Putnam, two levels of meaning, natural kinds, ... ]
  •  47
    Abstrakt. Běžně se má za to, že pravidla hrají v rámci myšlení jenom marginální úlohu. Myšlení je přece proces, který je svou podstatou svobodný, ne-mechanický a kreativní – a tudíž nikoli řízený nějakými pravidly. Často se má dokonce za to, že je to právě absence pravidel, která dělá z lidského myšlení to, čím je, a co člověka principiálně odlišuje od stroje. V ostrém kontrastu k tomuto pohledu stojí Wittgensteinův výrok, že vlastně nemůžeme překročit hranice logiky – že nemůžeme myslet tak, ab…Read more
  •  148
    The Enigma of Rules
    International Journal of Philosophical Studies 18 (3): 377-394. 2010.
    In a remarkable early paper, Wilfrid Sellars warned us that if we cease to recognize rules, we may well find ourselves walking on four feet; and it is obvious that within human communities, the phenomenon of rules is ubiquitous. Yet from the viewpoint of the sciences, rules cannot be easily accounted for. Sellars himself, during his later years, managed to put a lot of flesh on the normative bones from which he assembled the remarkable skeleton of the early paper; and his followers too. However,…Read more
  • Philosopher on the network. 5
    Filosoficky Casopis 43 (5): 884-891. 1995.
  •  71
    Structure and meaning
    Semiotica 113 (1-2): 71-88. 1997.
    It seems that the theories of language of the present century can be classified into two basic groups. The approaches of the first group perceive language as a mathematical structure and understand any theory of language as a kind of application of mathematics or logic. Their ideological background is furnished by logical positivism and analytical philosophy (esp. by Russell, Carnap, Wittgenstein and their followers); and their practical output is Chomskian formal syntax and subsequent formal se…Read more
  • J. Wanderer, Robert Brandom
    Organon F: Medzinárodný Časopis Pre Analytickú Filozofiu 17 (3): 413-418. 2010.
  •  54
    Logic Reduced To (Proof-Theoretical) Bare Bones
    Journal of Logic, Language and Information 24 (2): 193-209. 2015.
    What is a minimal proof-theoretical foundation of logic? Two different ways to answer this question may appear to offer themselves: reduce the whole of logic either to the relation of inference, or else to the property of incompatibility. The first way would involve defining logical operators in terms of the algebraic properties of the relation of inference—with conjunction $$\hbox {A}\wedge \hbox {B}$$ A ∧ B as the infimum of A and B, negation $$\lnot \hbox {A}$$ ¬ A as the minimal incompatible…Read more
  • Fiala vs. Kolman
    Filosoficky Casopis 57 931-932. 2009.
    [Fiala vs. Kolman]
  •  33
    Nová kniha Petra Koláře, Pravda a fakt (Filosofia, Praha, 2002) je věnována tématu, kterým se Kolář částečně zabýval již ve své předchozí knize: teoriím pravdivosti a zejména teorii korespondenční. Diskuse o tom, jak explikovat pojem pravdy či pravdivosti se analytickou filosofií táhnou od jejích počátků, a rozdmychány byly zejména výsledky Tarského matematických analýz tohoto pojmu1. Kolář v první části knihy probírá a srovnává hlavní kategorie těch teorií, které jsou výsledky těchto diskusí (n…Read more
  •  40
    V kontextu české filosofie, kde není nouze o vzdělané a chytré lidi, ale kde se to nijak nehemží skutečnými individualitami, představuje Petr Vopěnka zcela zvláštní případ. Je matematik nejenom vzděláním, ale v matematice i leccos dokázal. Jeho knihy o filosofii matematiky, zejména jeho tetralogie Rozprav s geometrií1, jsou velice vyhraněné: Vopěnka v nich předkládá svůj originální obraz a příliš se nestará o to, aby ho konfrontoval s tím, co si o tom myslí jiní. Jak sám připouští, i historické …Read more
  • Ještě jednou o dvou úrovních významu
    Filosoficky Casopis 52 117-121. 2004.
    [Once again on two levels of meaning ]
  • Chomsky, „gavagai“ a jiné nebezpečné věci
    Filosoficky Casopis 53 310-317. 2005.
    [Chomsky, “gavagai” and other dangerous things ...]
  •  1
    A formula is (materially) valid iff all its instances are true sentences; and an axiomatic system is called (materially) sound and complete iff it proves all and only valid formulas. These are 'natural' concepts of validity and completeness, which were, however, in the course of the history of modern logic, stealthily replaced by their formal descendants: formal validity and completeness. A formula is formally valid iff it is true under all interpretations in all universes; and an axiomatic syst…Read more
  •  11
    Language and the World (in Czechoslovakian)
    Filosoficky Casopis. forthcoming.
    Analytic philosophy is based on the assumption that our world is a world grasped in terms of (this or another) language and that the question of the character of any entity is closely connected with the question of the linguistic grasp of that entity. The father of this philosophical trend was Gottlob Frege: he showed the way to capture the semantic aspect of language in a systematic way without resorting into psychologism; he also showed that logical analysis can be an extremely powerful tool f…Read more
  •  30
    Existuje obrovské množství definic logiky; avÅ¡ak je tu jistá jednotící myÅ¡lenka, která se proplétá vÄ›tÅ¡inou z nich, a to je ta, že logika nám má pomoci klasifikovat úsudky, způsoby argumentace či důkazy na „správné“ a „nesprávné“, a tímto způsobem nám má pomoci lépe „usuzovat“. A protože úsudek či argumentační schéma je vÄ›cí kroku od nÄ›jakých premis k nÄ›jakému závÄ›ru a jeho správnost můžeme vyjadÅ™ovat také tak, je jeho závÄ›r odvoditel…Read more
  •  37
    Logically Incorrect Arguments
    Argumentation 30 (3): 263-287. 2016.
    What do we learn when we find out that an argument is logically incorrect? If logically incorrect means the same as not logically correct, which in turn means not having a valid logical form, it seems that we do not learn anything too useful—an argument which is logically incorrect can still be conclusive. Thus, it seems that it makes sense to fix a stronger interpretation of the term under which a logically incorrect argument is guaranteed to be wrong. In this paper, we show that pinpointing th…Read more
  •  20
    Odkud se berou axiomy logiky?
    Organon F: Medzinárodný Časopis Pre Analytickú Filozofiu 20 (2): 117-139. 2013.
  •  52
    Reference and inference: The case of anaphora
    In Klaus von Heusinger & Urs Egli (eds.), Reference and Anaphoric Relations, Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 269--286. 2000.
    In part one, I give an (unsystematic) overview of the development of logical tools which have been employed in the course of the analysis of referring expressions, i.e. definite and (specific) indefinite singular terms, of natural language. I present Russell's celebrated theory of definite descriptions which I see as an attempt to explain definite reference in terms of unique existence (and reference in general in terms of existence simpliciter); and I present Hilbert's E-calculus as an attempt …Read more
  •  12
    In recent years, I have published a number of papers addressing various aspect of inferentialism. These papers, I believe, do provide for a relatively multifaceted picture of (my version of) this enterprise; though still a picture that is in some respects patchy. This has made me start working on this book – it should bring my ideas of various aspects and dimensions of inferentialism to a desirable synthesis. Building the individual chapters, I usually start from taking parts of my published pap…Read more
  •  104
    There are various approaches to truth and knowledge (in fact, cataloguing them has become something of a philosophical industry of its own); and in many cases, their explanations are taken to underlie the explanation of other crucial concepts, like language, reason etc. Especially in recent years, some of the approaches have come to be based on reducing semantics to pragmatics. An outstanding example of such a pragmatist approach is that of Bob Brandom, who bases the explication of both truth an…Read more
  •  98
    Language and its Models: Is Model Theory a Theory of Semantics?
    Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic 2 (1): 1-23. 1997.
    Tarskian model theory is almost universally understood as a formal counterpart of the preformal notion of semantics, of the “linkage between words and things”. The wide-spread opinion is that to account for the semantics of natural language is to furnish its settheoretic interpretation in a suitable model structure; as exemplified by Montague 1974.
  •  24
    Děláme světy jazykem?
    Organon F: Medzinárodný Časopis Pre Analytickú Filozofiu 6 40-48. 1998.