H. C. B. Liu

Russellian monism (RM) is regarded by some philosophers as a promising approach to address the mind-body problem. However, this paper argues that RM suffers from a deep epistemological limitation: its core theoretical elements—namely quiddity (the fundamental intrinsic nature of physical entities) and the factors postulated to explain macro-level consciousness—are unknowable. This dual ignorance undermines RM’s explanatory power and jeopardizes its cognitive fruitfulness. To illustrate the seriousness of such a limitation, the paper draws a methodological and structural comparison with Thomistic hylomorphism (TH), a historically prominent but ultimately sterile metaphysical system. Given that TH declined partly due to its lack of cognitive fruitfulness, a similar fate may await RM. Unless RM can overcome this epistemic deficit, it risks remaining a speculative framework, with little prospect for substantive advancement in our understanding of consciousness or the natural world.

Language control is a cognitive ability that bilinguals use to suppress interference from the language they are not currently using to accurately select and use the intended language. Adaptive language control underpins language switching and enables bilinguals to flexibly switch between languages according to context. Reinforcement learning, which models how individuals update their strategies based on reward prediction errors, provides a computational framework for studying adaptive behavior in changing environments. To investigate how bilingual language control is shaped by reward signals in social interactions, we used dual‐electroencephalography (EEG) to measure the performance of bilinguals who alternated between active and observational learner roles in voluntary language switching tasks. Computational modeling results indicated that the dual‐sensitivity model best captured behavior which showed that bilinguals adaptively updated values by assigning distinct weights to feedback from themselves and others. EEG analyses revealed that bilinguals relied on expected values during active learning and on prediction errors during observational learning to modulate delta band activity. Taken together, these findings reveal how rewards dynamically modulate language control through expected values and prediction errors, providing new evidence for the adaptability of bilingual control during social interaction.

A number of existing researches agree that digitalization would facility firms to launch ambidextrous innovations. Digitalization is not only about technological change, but more importantly, the reshaping of the firms’ knowledge structure and routines to percept and integrate knowledge. Thus, some researchers suggest that whether firms could benefit from digitalization varies across firms and industries, since innovation in different firms and industries relies on differentiated level of cognitive and reasoning of knowledge. However, existing studies mainly focus on exploring the firm-level differences, and leave the industry-level difference underdeveloped. In response, this study integrates knowledge-based view to examine how a firm’s digitalization affects ambidextrous innovation, and further explore the conjoint effect of industrial knowledge bases—the knowledge base of the industry the firm is located in—on the relationship between firm digitalization level and ambidextrous innovation. This study uses Python to conduct text mining of firms’ annual reports, and obtains data of 394 listed companies from the year 2014 to 2020. The empirical results show that digitalization level has positive effect on both exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation, and the effect on exploitative innovation is stronger than on exploratory innovation. Moreover, the moderating effect of industrial knowledge base is significant on “digitalization–exploratory innovation” but not on “digitalization–exploitative innovation” relationship. By doing so, this study refines the research on the relationship between digitalization and firm innovation, and confirms that the usage of digitalization may lead to achieve an ambidextrous situation. This study also provides a theoretical basis for industrial differences of the effectiveness of digitalization, suggesting firms considering industrial characteristics to implement digitalization-assisted innovation practices.

Sense of presence and extraneous cognitive load are the two psychological effects widely employed to explain the cognitive outcomes caused by high-immersive media. This study identified the concepts of both technological affordance and the psychological effects of VR learning. It investigated the mechanism by which immersion leads to better or worse communication in the context of art education. We operationalized the concept of immersion into two levels: a high-immersive VR system and a low-immersive tablet system. Through a between-subject experiment, we found that higher immersion not only led to a greater sense of presence but also lowered extraneous cognitive load. Enjoyment and attention increased as a sense of presence rose but were not necessarily predicted by extraneous cognitive load. This study found that sense of presence was a more robust explanatory variable than ECL and that cognitive load could be lower in a high-immersive environment with content specifically designed for VR.

This is a condensed version of the monograph. This monograph defends the compatibility of physical determinism with genuine human agency and moral responsibility. The defense does not proceed by retreating to epistemic uncertainty, invoking non-physical causation, or redefining the relevant concepts until the compatibility becomes trivial. It proceeds by showing that the inference from physical determinism to the impossibility of genuine agency contains a hidden premise that is false, and that once the false premise is identified and removed, the compatibility of mechanism and meaning follows directly. The hidden premise is what we call the settled-outcome assumption: the thesis that if physical events are causally determined, then there exists a personal-level fact—a fact about what an agent will decide, formulated in the vocabulary of decisions, values, and reasons—that obtains prior to and independently of the agent’s deliberation. This assumption, if true, would make deliberation merely revelatory: the agent would be discovering a pre-written script rather than composing it. The deliberative stance—the practical orientation from which agents take themselves to be genuine authors of their choices—would be systematically mistaken. The settled-outcome assumption is false. It fails for a reason grounded in the physical structure of complex natural systems: the relation by which personal-level descriptions are derived from physical states is many-to-one with divergent futures. A personal-level description of an agent prior to deliberation corresponds to a large equivalence class of physical states whose members evolve into different personal-level outcomes. No unique personal-level future is specified by the prior personal-level description. This is not a claim about our ignorance; it is a claim about the ontological structure of multi-level natural systems. For agents who model their own deliberative states—who represent their own values, motivations, and evaluative tendencies and use these representations as inputs to ongoing deliberation—this indeterminacy takes a recursive form. Any candidate pre-deliberative personal-level description of the outcome, if available to the deliberating agent, would itself modify the deliberation it purports to describe, generating an instability that prevents any stable pre-deliberative description from existing. Deliberation, in these agents, is genuinely constitutive of its outcome: not a mechanism for accessing a pre-existing answer, but the process through which the personal-level answer comes into existence. The constitutive model of deliberation has a normative consequence that is the monograph’s central normative claim. Deliberating agents of the relevant kind—those with hierarchically organized, reflectively accessible motivational structures—have genuine interests in the deliberative process and its outcomes. They have interests in being authors of their own evaluative lives rather than mere enactors of pre-written scripts. The constitutive model shows that these interests are satisfied: the agents’ deliberative engagement genuinely contributes to what happens. This is sufficient, on an interest-based account of moral consideration, to ground claims of moral status proportional to the richness of the agent’s deliberative engagement.

This is a condensed/abridged version of a book-length manuscript. This monograph defends the compatibility of physical determinism with genuine human agency and moral responsibility. The defense does not proceed by retreating to epistemic uncertainty, invoking non-physical causation, or redefining the relevant concepts until the compatibility becomes trivial. It proceeds by showing that the inference from physical determinism to the impossibility of genuine agency contains a hidden premise that is false, and that once the false premise is identified and removed, the compatibility of mechanism and meaning follows directly. The hidden premise is what we call the settled-outcome assumption: the thesis that if physical events are causally determined, then there exists a personal-level fact—a fact about what an agent will decide, formulated in the vocabulary of decisions, values, and reasons—that obtains prior to and independently of the agent’s deliberation. This assumption, if true, would make deliberation merely revelatory: the agent would be discovering a pre-written script rather than composing it. The deliberative stance—the practical orientation from which agents take themselves to be genuine authors of their choices—would be systematically mistaken. The settled-outcome assumption is false. It fails for a reason grounded in the physical structure of complex natural systems: the relation by which personal-level descriptions are derived from physical states is many-to-one with divergent futures. A personal-level description of an agent prior to deliberation corresponds to a large equivalence class of physical states whose members evolve into different personal-level outcomes. No unique personal-level future is specified by the prior personal-level description. This is not a claim about our ignorance; it is a claim about the ontological structure of multi-level natural systems. For agents who model their own deliberative states—who represent their own values, motivations, and evaluative tendencies and use these representations as inputs to ongoing deliberation—this indeterminacy takes a recursive form. Any candidate pre-deliberative personal-level description of the outcome, if available to the deliberating agent, would itself modify the deliberation it purports to describe, generating an instability that prevents any stable pre-deliberative description from existing. Deliberation, in these agents, is genuinely constitutive of its outcome: not a mechanism for accessing a pre-existing answer, but the process through which the personal-level answer comes into existence. The constitutive model of deliberation has a normative consequence that is the monograph’s central normative claim. Deliberating agents of the relevant kind—those with hierarchically organized, reflectively accessible motivational structures—have genuine interests in the deliberative process and its outcomes. They have interests in being authors of their own evaluative lives rather than mere enactors of pre-written scripts. The constitutive model shows that these interests are satisfied: the agents’ deliberative engagement genuinely contributes to what happens. This is sufficient, on an interest-based account of moral consideration, to ground claims of moral status proportional to the richness of the agent’s deliberative engagement.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to find and compare the current situation between common people and healthcare providers’ preferences for a good death in the context of Chinese culture. Methods: A cross-sectional anonymous questionnaire survey covering 190 ordinary Chinese people and 323 healthcare providers was conducted. An inventory of the good death was translated and the subjects were surveyed about their attitude toward it. Ethical considerations: Permission to conduct the study was granted by department chiefs, nurse managers and the participants themselves. The participants were informed that they took part on a voluntary and anonymous basis, that they could withdraw at any time, that they had the right to ignore questions they did not wish to answer, and that whatever they chose to do would not jeopardize their employment conditions. Results: The attributes that were perceived as important by major respondents for a good death were maintaining hope and pleasure, good relationship with medical staff, good relationship with family, independence, environment comfort, being respected as an individual, preparation for death, physical and psychological comfort, dying in a favorite place, and not being a burden to others. And some relatively less important characteristics were life completion, receiving enough treatment, natural death, controlling over the future, unawareness of death, pride and beauty, feeling that one’s life is worth living, and religious and spiritual comfort. We also found that healthcare providers were more likely than general out-patients to perceive “physical and psychological comfort,” “dying in a favorite place,” “good relationship with medical staff,” and “natural death” as important for a good death. Conclusion: This study offers healthcare providers in China a fundamental understanding of the normal expectations of the general public for a good death. It is believed that these findings in our study are valuable to improve palliative care in China. We compared the attitudes of Chinese and Westerners and found some differences, which suggested that cultural difference should be an important consideration to achieve a good death in China. We also found that healthcare providers see good death differently from general public, indicating that the criteria for good death warrant further study.

BackgroundTurnover intention, an employee’s intention to voluntarily leave their jobs, affects workforce sustainability. However, scarce data are available about turnover intention and its associated factors among psychiatrists in China, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current research was designed to address this gap.MethodsAn anonymous, nationwide online survey was disseminated to psychiatrists in 41 psychiatric hospitals in China. We collected demographic data, job-related information, and participants’ turnover intention in the next 12 months.ResultsIn total, 3,973 psychiatrists completed the survey. The sample was predominantly female and married, and nearly three-fourths had children. More than one-third had a master’s or doctoral degree in addition to their medical degree. The overall level of job satisfaction was moderate. The rate of turnover intention was 22.0% and was comparable in males and females. Psychiatrists who had participated in the frontline work of COVID-19 were more likely to report an intention to leave their current job. Multiple regression analyses suggested that turnover intention was significantly associated with having insomnia, longer working hours, and more working days per week.ConclusionDuring the pandemic period, approximately one-fifth of psychiatrists in China reported turnover intention. Factors associated with turnover intention included high job-related burdens, low job satisfaction, participation in the frontline work against COVID-19, and insomnia. To improve psychiatric workforce sustainability, policymakers and hospital administrators need to be aware of this potential challenge and address the concerns of psychiatrists in China.

Teacher self-efficacy is one of the most critical factors influencing Students’ learning outcomes. Studies have shown that teacher-perceived principal leadership, teacher collaboration, and teaching experience are the critical factor that affects teacher self-efficacy. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind this relationship. This study examined whether teacher collaboration would mediate the relationship between teacher-perceived principal leadership and teacher self-efficacy, and the moderating role of teaching experience in the mediating process. With an analysis of a dataset from 14,121 middle school teachers in China, this study first testified to the positive role that teacher-perceived principal leadership played in teacher self-efficacy. Furthermore, it revealed that teacher collaboration mediates this relationship and the mediated path was moderated by teaching experience. Finally, it also indicated that the threshold of teaching experience linking the teacher-perceived leadership with teacher self-efficacy was approximately in the third year, and their relationship was stronger when teaching experience was below the threshold. This study highlighted the mediating and moderating mechanisms linking the teacher-perceived principal leadership and teacher self-efficacy, which has important theoretical and practical implications for intervention and enhancement of teacher self-efficacy.

From the perspective of philosophy of engineering in China, this study points out the shortcomings of the category of “Creating” and the role and advantages of the category of “Doing”. In this process, two concepts of “engineering” in the Chinese language were discovered. The research further points out that the fundamental characteristic of engineering is “Heavy result”, and the basic characteristic is planning, time limit and heterogeneity within the community. However, the accommodation of the two engineering philosophical frameworks remains to be further studied.

Objectives: The corona virus disease-2019 pandemic spread globally, and we aimed to investigate the psychosocial impact on healthcare workers in China during the pandemic.Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched seven electronic databases for cross-sectional studies on psychosocial impact on HWs in relation to COVID-19 from January 1, 2020 to October 7, 2020. We included primary studies involving Chinese HWs during the pandemic, and data were extracted from the published articles. Our primary outcome was prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress disorders. We pooled prevalence value with their 95% confidence interval using random effect models and assessed study quality on the basis of an 11-item checklist recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO.Results: We identified 25 articles comprising a total of 30,841 completed questionnaires and 22 studies for meta-analysis. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress disorders was 34.4%, 31.1%, and 29.1% for HWs. The pooled prevalence of anxiety disorders for HWs from late January to early February was 46.4%, significantly higher than those in mid-term February and after late February. The pooled prevalence of depression disorders for HWs from late January to early February was 46.5%, significantly higher than those in mid-term February and after late February. HWs working in Hubei Province had a higher prevalence of anxiety and a lower prevalence of depression than those working in other regions. Nurses had a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression than other HWs.Conclusions: About one-third of HWs in China suffered anxiety, depression, and stress at the early epidemic of COVID-19. HWs in Hubei Province, especially nurses, had a higher prevalence of psychological disorders. During the pandemic, a negative psychological state may persist in a proportion of Chinese HWs, fluctuating with the control of the pandemic. The long-term impact should continue to be observed. Attention should be paid to HWs for their psychological impact due to the pandemic.Systematic Review Registration: The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO.

The extant research has attached increasing importance to the role of nonstandard managerial beliefs in affecting the decision-making process of firms. This study takes Zodiac year beliefs as an example of nonstandard managerial beliefs and investigates their influence on greenwashing, as well as the corresponding influence mechanism. The analysis is grounded in a dataset of A-share listed companies in China from 2009 to 2023. The results demonstrate that Zodiac year beliefs can inhibit firms from engaging in greenwashing. In addition, it is corroborated that Zodiac year beliefs can reduce the risk-taking level of firms, which in turn further mitigates the intention to engage in greenwashing. Finally, we also demonstrate that Confucianism can reinforce the negative influences of Zodiac year beliefs on greenwashing and risk-taking levels. The findings of this study provide some insights into how nonstandard managerial beliefs shape corporate unethical behaviour.

Abstract“Medical Records of Integrating Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine: Yi Xue Zhong Zhong Can Xi Lu” (abbreviated as YXZZCXL), authored by the influential physician Xichun Zhang, a pioneering authority on the integration of Chinese and Western medicine, enriched the path of integrated medicine. The formulas documented in this work are renowned as “formulas of proven efficacy” with excellent clinical efficacy, playing a significant role in the development of modern Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This raises a key question: what is the most effective way to study and understand YXZZCXL? Drawing on their learning journey, clinical practice, and prior research, we propose that commencing with the Qi philosophy concept of “Ascending-Descending-Exiting-Entering” (ADEE) provides a straightforward yet effective approach to comprehending the prescription composition within YXZZCXL and the underlying TCM treatment theories it encompasses. Crucially, this approach serves to synthesize Zhang’s scattered clinical insights into a coherent ADEE framework. The framework helps fill systematic gaps in the structure of his academic thought on formula design and treatment principles. Building upon this foundational ADEE framework, we may achieve a leap from ADEE theory towards the development of a novel Qi-movement-centered ADEE syndrome differentiation method. This method serves as a clinical diagnostic and therapeutic tool, effectively linking TCM’s ADEE theory to formulas exerting corresponding regulatory effects, and is particularly indicated for disorders characterized by abnormal Qi movement. It must be emphasized that utilizing ADEE for formula categorization in this study is not a mechanical exercise; rather, it offers four fundamental conceptual perspectives through which disease mechanisms and treatments can be understood. Notably, due to the lack of systematic elaboration on the specific concept of “Exiting-Entering” in classical Chinese medical texts, this study proposes a preliminary interpretation grounded in TCM Qi theory and invites scholarly discourse to refine its theoretical connotation. This three-stage research pathway—synthesizing classical theory, constructing a theoretical framework, and developing a novel differentiation method—is proposed as a potential model for studying other TCM classics. Overall, the most significant academic contribution of this study lies in the systematic proposal and construction of a novel theoretical framework for treatment based on syndrome differentiation, which emerges centuries after the last major advancement in TCM diagnostic approaches.

“Medical Records of Integrating Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine: Yi Xue Zhong Zhong Can Xi Lu” (abbreviated as YXZZCXL), authored by the influential physician Xichun Zhang, a pioneering authority on the integration of Chinese and Western medicine, enriched the path of integrated medicine. The formulas documented in this work are renowned as “formulas of proven efficacy” with excellent clinical efficacy, playing a significant role in the development of modern Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This raises a key question: what is the most effective way to study and understand YXZZCXL? Drawing on their learning journey, clinical practice, and prior research, we propose that commencing with the Qi philosophy concept of “Ascending-Descending-Exiting-Entering” (ADEE) provides a straightforward yet effective approach to comprehending the prescription composition within YXZZCXL and the underlying TCM treatment theories it encompasses. Crucially, this approach serves to synthesize Zhang’s scattered clinical insights into a coherent ADEE framework. The framework helps fill systematic gaps in the structure of his academic thought on formula design and treatment principles. Building upon this foundational ADEE framework, we may achieve a leap from ADEE theory towards the development of a novel Qi-movement-centered ADEE syndrome differentiation method. This method serves as a clinical diagnostic and therapeutic tool, effectively linking TCM’s ADEE theory to formulas exerting corresponding regulatory effects, and is particularly indicated for disorders characterized by abnormal Qi movement. It must be emphasized that utilizing ADEE for formula categorization in this study is not a mechanical exercise; rather, it offers four fundamental conceptual perspectives through which disease mechanisms and treatments can be understood. Notably, due to the lack of systematic elaboration on the specific concept of “Exiting-Entering” in classical Chinese medical texts, this study proposes a preliminary interpretation grounded in TCM Qi theory and invites scholarly discourse to refine its theoretical connotation. This three-stage research pathway—synthesizing classical theory, constructing a theoretical framework, and developing a novel differentiation method—is proposed as a potential model for studying other TCM classics. Overall, the most significant academic contribution of this study lies in the systematic proposal and construction of a novel theoretical framework for treatment based on syndrome differentiation, which emerges centuries after the last major advancement in TCM diagnostic approaches.

This study introduces a novel fuzzy algebraic structure, termed “convex ordered fuzzy subrings” (), within the framework of “ordered fuzzy rings” (). We provide a rigorous formalization of ‐subrings, ‐ideals, and ‐convex substructures, where denotes a complete lattice equipped with a binary, order‐compatible t‐norm, integrating concepts from convexity theory, fuzzy set theory, and Heyting algebra. We investigate the preservation of convexity and order under ordered fuzzy ring homomorphisms () and their kernels, focusing on convex ‐subrings that are closed under fuzzy addition, multiplication, and additive inverses. These substructures induce ‐convex structures with closure properties under Cartesian products and infima, and their behavior under homomorphisms highlights their algebraic and topological significance. Using an axiomatic framework, we establish conditions on lattice‐valued binary operations necessary to maintain convexity in fuzzy substructures. Illustrative examples, structural analyses, and interconnections are provided to substantiate these results. This work addresses existing theoretical gaps in fuzzification, ordering, convexity, and homomorphic mappings, offering a unified foundation for the study of with potential applications in algebraic analysis, logic, information theory, and soft computing.

The purposes of this study are to extract the essence from the in-depth study of entrepreneurial spirit and the exploration of China’s sports culture construction, find out the beneficial parts in line with China’s sports culture construction, and put forward operational suggestions and countermeasures for dealing with the relationship between entrepreneurial spirit and sports culture to help China’s sports culture construction move toward a new level. This exploration discusses the influence of entrepreneurial spirit on sports culture from the perspective of cognitive regulation, and explores the importance of entrepreneurial spirit from the aspects of social psychology, system, economy, and ethics. The structure of sports culture is analyzed, and the role of entrepreneurial spirit in promoting the construction of sports culture is expounded. Moreover, a questionnaire survey is conducted to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial spirit on the construction of sports culture from the cognitive regulation perspective. The results show that most people agree with the development of the entrepreneurial spirit and positively impact the promotion of entrepreneurial spirit. Most people are not satisfied with the attention and level of sports culture construction. In China’s sports culture, the proportion of the entrepreneurial spirit is still tiny. Thereby, entrepreneurial spirit education must be vigorously promoted to enhance the integration of entrepreneurial spirit and sports culture. The entrepreneurial spirit needs to be introduced in the construction of sports culture. It is essential to do a good job in promoting entrepreneurial spirit, improving the supporting facilities related to sports culture and strengthening the correlation between sports culture and the entrepreneurial spirit. By discussing the influence of entrepreneurial spirit on sports culture, this exploration puts forward relevant opinions for developing sports culture. It is expected that they can have some reference values. This exploration provides new ideas for promoting the combination of sports culture construction and the dissemination of entrepreneurial spirit, which has crucial theoretical and practical significance.

The "Belt and Road" initiative has significantly bolstered educational ties between China and nations along its path, including the Philippines. This paper examines the collaborative trajectory in educational management under this initiative, highlighting the pivotal role of the Philippines in Southeast Asia. It underscores the mutual benefits in resource sharing, talent development, and research collaboration between China and the Philippines. The paper mainly used literature review and case studies method to provide a deep understanding of the current state of China-Philippines educational cooperation. It advocates for enhanced policy dialogue and a robust cooperation framework to elevate educational management standards. It also identifies challenges like cultural and linguistic disparities, and educational inequality, proposing solutions such as cultural and language exchange programs, resource optimization, and a more integrated cooperation mechanism to foster educational advancement.

Although patterns of human activity show a large degree of freedom, they exhibit structural patterns subjected by geographic and social constraints. Aiming at various problems of personalized recommendation in mobile networks, a social network recommendation algorithm is proposed with a variety of context-aware information and combined with a series of social network analysis methods.Based on geographical location and temporal information, potential social relations among users are mined deeply to find the most similar set of users for the target user, then recommendations are carried out incorporating with social relations of the mobile users to effectively solve the problem of recommendation precision. The above study can not only help LBSN designers and developers to better understand their users and grasp their want, but also help to refine the design of their system to provide users with more appropriate applications and services.The experimental results on the real-world dataset verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and it has higher prediction accuracy compared with existing recommendation algorithms.

This paper presents a human-computer interaction model with a three layers learning mechanism in a pervasive environment. We begin with a discussion around a number of important issues related to human-computer interaction followed by a description of the architecture for a multi-agent cooperative design system for pervasive computing environment. We present our proposed three- layer HCI model and introduce the group formation algorithm, which is predicated on a dynamic sharing niche technology. Finally, we explore the cooperative reinforcement learning and fusion algorithms; the paper closes with concluding observations and a summary of the principal work and contributions of this paper.

Over several decades, Liangkang Ni has developed a distinctive perspective on the parallels and divergences between Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology and Buddhism, particularly Yogācāra Buddhism. Despite the significance of his contributions, Ni’s writings remain largely unavailable in English and have thus had limited exposure in Western phenomenological discourse. This article addresses that gap by offering a thematic reconstruction of Ni’s key insights. The first part examines Ni’s reading of Husserl’s own philosophical reflections on Buddhism in relation to phenomenology. The second part explores Ni’s reconstruction of genetic and structural parallels between Husserl’s genetic phenomenology and Yogācāradoctrines such as vijñaptimātra (consciousness-only), ālaya-vijñāna, and manas. The article assumes some familiarity with Husserl and uses his framework as an entry point to introduce Buddhist concepts. Rather than offering new empirical data, the article provides conceptual clarification and theoretical integration aimed at informing contemporary debates in consciousness studies.