Ulrich De Balbian

. HEURISTICS and PROBLEM-SOLVING‭ (‬VOLUME‭ ‬2‭) This section or chapter two.‭ ‬Because of its length I decided to create a second Volume‭ ‬2.‭ ‬HEURISTICS AND PROBLEMSOLVING‭ (‬Volume‭ ‬2‭) This volume deals with details of heuristic approaches and the infinite aspects and features of‭ ‘‬problem-solving‭’ ‬and related issues. The author of the first article I quote suggests that the heuristic tools or devices he mentions will enable individuals to produce philosophy.‭ ‬He seems to think that this idea is one of the major factors that leads to the creation of philosophy. I wish to indicate,‭ ‬by citations,‭ ‬that there is much,‭ ‬much more to heuristics then the list of heuristics he suggests. I place the use of heuristic devices in the larger context of problem-solving.‭ ‬The solving of problems is of course merely one aspect of a much larger process that consist of many other features,‭ ‬steps and stages. The aim of that section and citations are to to make individuals aware of the many aspects of the process of problem conceptualization,‭ ‬investigation and solving or dissolving.‭ ‬I think it is is essential to be aware of these features of problem investigation because without such knowledge and understanding philosophers will suffer from an even greate lack of meta-cognition of the socio-cultural practice of philosophy and the doing of philosophy and of self-‭ ‬metacognition. HEURISTICS and PROBLEM-SOLVING‭ (‬VOLUME‭ ‬2‭) This section or chapter two.‭ ‬Because of its length I decided to create a second Volume‭ ‬2.‭ ‬HEURISTICS AND PROBLEMSOLVING‭ (‬Volume‭ ‬2‭) This volume deals with details of heuristic approaches and the infinite aspects and features of‭ ‘‬problem-solving‭’ ‬and related issues. The author of the first article I quote suggests that the heuristic tools or devices he mentions will enable individuals to produce philosophy.‭ ‬He seems to think that this idea is one of the major factors that leads to the creation of philosophy. I wish to indicate,‭ ‬by citations,‭ ‬that there is much,‭ ‬much more to heuristics then the list of heuristics he suggests. I place the use of heuristic devices in the larger context of problem-solving.‭ ‬The solving of problems is of course merely one aspect of a much larger process that consist of many other features,‭ ‬steps and stages. The aim of that section and citations are to to make individuals aware of the many aspects of the process of problem conceptualization,‭ ‬investigation and solving or dissolving.‭ ‬I think it is is essential to be aware of these features of problem investigation because without such knowledge and understanding philosophers will suffer from an even greate lack of meta-cognition of the socio-cultural practice of philosophy and the doing of philosophy and of self-‭ ‬metacognition

The ideas I suggest and will attempt to explore can be expressed and conceptualized in many ways. Wittgenstein suggested that there are things that cannot be talked about. I suggest that we most likely have ideas, attitudes, words, conceptions, notions, values, standards, opinions, etc when we approach any work of art or perceive anything as art or aesthetic. Just as we have notions, ideas etc concerning spirituality and spiritual phenomena. But during the interaction with those things, when having a direct experience or consciousness, an awareness of them we do not employ words, ideas or concepts. Of course we can and most likely will reflect on those experiences and the things we have or had experiences of. At that stage we will use concepts in those contexts we will use notions and verbalize things - after the experiences, after the event. We will also, most likely, reflect on those phenomena and experiences. I then continue to place this state or stage of pre- or non- or not yet conceptual/ity in the larger contexts of consciousness, anthropocentered socio-cultural practices and the universe or multiverse.

I attempted to explore a number of things. Some of them might be relevant to philosophy. Everything could be treated as if they are relevant to philosophy, in an essential or primary manner, secondary, tertiary, etc or merely accidentally. A few of the philosophical dimensions or aspects that might be touched on by my explorations are - methods, techniques, tools, etc in philosophy or the doing of philosophizing. dimensions and aspects dealt with by these tools include, reasoning, argumentation, assumptions, pre-suppositions, biases, fallacies, objectives, aims, purposes, rationale, functions of philosophy and philosophizing the different pre-suppositions of philosophizing, the nature of the processes of doing philosophy, the different stages in the processes of doing philosophy, different levels of these processes, different dimensions of these processes and in these levels, different contexts, assumptions, pre-suppositions, biases, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, implications, institutionalized and internalized ideas concerning these things I summarize the above as philosophizing resembles or is a certain kind of theorizing this idea identifies, points to, conceptualizes and explores a number of aspects of philosophy and philosophizing. The above, including the tradition of philosophy, the discipline of philosophy, the intersubjectivity of philosophy, the intersubjectivities of different domains of philosophy, of different subject-matter, different schools, and movements, the institutionalization of philosophy, its institutions, norms, values, objectives, the professionalization of philosophy, different aspects of it Individuals involved in philosophy, from academics, teachers, students, researchers, publishers, readers, media, critics, original and creative thinkers involved in philosophy, their styles, motives, concerns, aims, reasons, etc. The context, the points of view or perspective, the emphasis, the ‘reality’ or assumed reality and life world of the above is - the multiverse or universe, the notion of (a biological, biologically based or nature of) consciousness (whatever this might mean in different contexts, theories, etc) that is universal, universe or multiverse. In other words, not subject centered, not human, anthropo-centered, not earth restricted.

LOGIC‭ & ‬ARGUMENTATION‭ (‬VOLUME‭ ‬5) The first section deals with different ways,‭ ‬approaches or methods of the doing of philosophy or the methodology of philosophizing or the discourse and socio-cultural practice of the Western tradition of philosophy. I then insert a number of articles and post concerning the fact that Philosophy in the Western World concentrates on the History of the Western Tradition of philosophical ideas,‭ ‬complaints that it is white,‭ ‬male and Euro-centered and that it has become too academic,‭ ‬professional and institutionalized. The subsequent sections deal with the topics of Logic and a number of notions‭ ‬related to‭ ‘‬logic‭’‬.‭ ‬The logic referred to are those that are relevant to philosophy or the doing of philosophizing.‭ ‬Truth,‭ ‬meaning,‭ ‬arguments and argumentation are then dealt with.‭ ‬This leads to another section on logic and finally reasoning is mentioned as the coming together of most of the previous sections. If you wish to think and write about multi-dimensional things like the‭ ‘‬world‭’‬,‭ ‬embodied persons,‭ ‬consciousness,‭ ‬human thinking etc,‭ ‬you should at least think multi-dimensional and many levelled.‭ ‬Attempting to investigate,‭ ‬reflect on and‭ ‬describe the nature and functioning of these multi-dimensional,‭ ‬many-levelled‭ ‬entities in a one-dimensional,‭ ‬verbal,‭ ‬linear manner surely is irrational and do not make sense‭? ‬Visual Argument Mapping is one of these multi-dimensional,‭ ‬many-levelled tools.‭ (‬See Appendix‭)

EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY‭ (‬VOLUME‭ ‬4‭) ‭and ‬Qualitative tools and experimental philosophy. So-called Experimental Philosophy‭ (‬X-Phi‭) ‬is one of the latest fashions or fads in philosophy.‭ ‬It gives people who wish to do‭ ‘‬philosophy‭’ ‬but do not find something in the other types of doing philosophy something to do.‭ ‬The other types are,‭ ‬apart from a handful of original-‭ ‬and creative thinking individuals,‭ ‬the usual academic publications,‭ ‬theses,‭ ‬conferences,‭ ‬etc that keep professional philosophers busy and enable them to maintain their obligatory lists of publications,‭ ‬dealing with minute‭ ‘‬analysis‭’ ‬of aspects of other microscopic‭ ‘‬analysis‭’‬. Much of so-called Experimental Philosophy appears to me like some kind of rather superficial social surveys and drawing,‭ ‬mostly philosophically irrelevant conclusions from them.‭ ‬I present a number of sources on this kind of doing of‭ ‘‬philosophy‭’‬. As I myself was trained as a scientist and for years did work as scientific researcher I find much of what is passed off as so-called experimental philosophy very amateurish,‭ ‬not-methodological,‭ ‬lacking scientific research methods and naïve.‭ ‬I intended to add a second section to this volume,‭ ‬entitled scientific method,‭ ‬but the volume will already be too large without it. I include different definitions of this sub-domain of philosophy,‭ ‬criticism of it and its methods and reasons for the practising of it.‭ ‬I conclude with a number of studies on the philosophy of sex and two articles of my own on the feeling accompanying male ejaculation and male orgasm. I end with a Brian Leiter post/s and very interesting comments by a number of philosophers.‭ ‬THAT says more about philosophy/izing and the state and nature of this discipline than many so-called X-Phi‭ ‘‬experiments‭’‬.

What I see when I come across that what is presented as philosophy is talking about the ideas and often technical terms of others and from the the tradition of philosophy. The latter is not original thinking but a sort of scholarly approach.. Immediately when I encounter someone using technical terms and words to talk about the ideas in philosophy and the work of other philosophers I realize that this is not original and creative thinking but scholarly work and intentions. That type of work leads to and forms part of the domains, intentions, concerns, interests, aims and objectives of other disciplines, disciplines, other than philosophy. For example semantics, linguistics, signs, logic, critical thinking, mathematics, consciousness talk concerning neurology, neurosciences, biology, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, sociology, social studies, culture, history, economics, anthropology, gender, grievance studies, politics, ethics, religion, spirituality, astrophysics, the multiverse, fine tuning and the origins of the universe, evolution of life and species, etc, etc. The next step for this type of doing ‘philosophy’ usually consists of some form of speculation and dealing speculatively with ideas. The latter is not original thinking but a sort of scholarly approach.. Immediately when I encounter someone using technical terms and words to talk about the ideas in philosophy and the work of other philosophers I realize that this is not original and creative thinking but scholarly work and intentions. That type of work leads to and forms part of the domains, intentions, concerns, interests, aims and objectives of other disciplines, disciplines, other than philosophy. For example semantics, linguistics, signs, logic, critical thinking, mathematics, consciousness talk concerning neurology, neurosciences, biology, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, sociology, social studies, culture, history, economics, anthropology, gender, grievance studies, politics, ethics, religion, spirituality, astrophysics, the multiverse, fine tuning and the origins of the universe, evolution of life and species, etc, etc.