Juan Gomez

The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted in-person dispute resolution proceedings, leading to the rapid adoption of digital technologies for remote hearings in international arbitration. The use of these technologies has opened up new possibilities for enhancing procedures, improving efficiency, and streamlining processes. However, it also raises concerns about transparency and authenticity in virtual hearings. This paper explores the impact of digital technologies on the semiotics of law and legal communication in international arbitration, considering the intersections between new technologies and persuasion. Based on practices like the use of e-evidence, debates surrounding remote hearings, and the formulation of standards for stakeholders’ behavior, the study takes a practice-based approach, exploring cognitive processes, such as memory and attention, and their influence on the behavior of counsel, arbitrators, and witnesses in remote hearings. It highlights the key issues, findings, challenges, and future research opportunities arising from the introduction of digital technologies in this field, including considerations on how stakeholders of a virtual hearings are affected by the unique features of the digital environment.

Ofrecemos dos cartas inéditas entre los filósofos Manuel García Morente y Xavier Zubiri. La primera carta, escrita por el pensador giennense, viene a iluminar el itinerario de su conversión religiosa que le llevó a ordenarse sacerdote en la Iglesia católica. Dicho proceso espiritual había empezado a fraguarse el año anterior en París, durante el exilio que ambos pensadores habían compartido en la capital francesa, tras el estallido de la guerra civil española. En la segunda carta, fechada casi dos años y medio después de la anterior, Zubiri dirige al pensador andaluz unas palabras entrañables en respuesta a la invitación recibida de asistir a su primera misa; una carta en la que el filósofo vasco desvela la inquebrantable amistad entre ambos pensadores, intensificada en los últimos años por la fe cristiana.

Concern about air-quality in urban areas has led to the implementation of Low Emission Zones as one of many other initiatives to control it. Recently in Spain, the enactment of a law made this mandatory for cities with a population larger than 50k inhabitants. The delimitation of these areas is not without controversy because of possible negative economic and social impacts. Therefore, clear assessments of how these initiatives decrease pollutant concentrations are to be provided. Madrid Central is a major initiative of Madrid city council for reducing motor traffic and the associated air pollution in the city centre. This Low Emission Zone starts at the end of 2018, but the first fully-operational period corresponds to the second quarter of 2019. In this work, a methodology based on the Gaussian Process to analyse the evolution of Nitrogen Dioxide inside Madrid Central is undertaken. A Gaussian Process is a stochastic process suitable for interpretable model selection and predictions. Due to its probabilistic nature it provides error estimation at predictions. After the activation of Madrid Central, a relevant reduction of Nitrogen Dioxide has been observed. However, the role of the meteorology during this period must be ascertained to correctly evaluate the role of the activation of the Low Emission Zone against a prone weather. In this work, a model based on the Gaussian Process is trained with meteorological information to predict the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide at Madrid Central, $[NO_{2}]$. This probabilistic description allows extracting statistical information on the reduction affected by the meteorological scenario and separately by the Madrid Central activation.

El psicoanálisis existencial es una de esas críticas constructivas derivadas del psicoanálisis empírico que intenta abrirse camino como alternativa, renovación y modelo de terapia psicoanalítica. Ha encontrado una fundamentación óntico-ontológica desde la cual mostrar al ser descrito tal como se manifiesta en tres estadios concretos: el para-sí, en-sí y para-otro, para llegar a ver que las relaciones con los otros son las que nos provocan esos desequilibrios psíquicos. Nuestro psicoanálisis se plantea como una superación al psicoanálisis empírico en el rechazo al postulado del inconsciente y en la elección que renuncia a suponer una acción mecánica del medio sobre el sujeto considerado a abandonar la simbología utilizada hasta entonces. El psicoanálisis existencial deberá ser enteramente flexible y amoldable a los menores cambios observables en el sujeto, ya que se trata de descubrir una elección no un estado. Como el psicoanálisis existencial tiene como objeto descubrir una elección, deberá tener siempre presente que su objeto no es algo hundido en las tinieblas del inconsciente, sino una determinación consciente y libre. Finalmente, la propuesta es una terapia psicoanalítica ya que la persona es una constante proyección en el mundo, el método existencial, se orienta desde el principio hacia una comprensión del ser y no debe asignarse otro objetivo que encontrar el ser y la manera de ser del ser frente a ese ser.Existential Psychoanalysis is one of the most constructive critics based on empirical psychoanalysis which attempts to open up new paths as an alternative, renovation and model of psychoanalytical therapy. An ontic-ontological foundation has been discovered from which it can be described in 3 different concrete states: for someone, in someone or for someone else, to be able to see that our relationships with others are those which cause psychic unbalance. Our psychoanalysis overcomes empirical psychoanalysis in rejection to postulate from the unconscious and in the election which renounces to suppose a mechanical action from the medium on the subject considered to abandon the symbology used until then. Existential psychoanalysis should be completely flexible and changeable to the minor changes which can be observed in the subject, now that it is a case of discovering an election not a state. Due to the fact that the psychoanalysis has as objective to discover an election, it should always have present that its objective is not something united in the darkness of the unconscious, but more of a conscious and free determination. Lastly, the proposition is a psychoanalytical therapy now that the person is a constant projection in the world, the existential method, which is oriented from the beginning towards an understanding of the being and another objective should not be assigned other than find ways of being and the way of being against that being

Investment arbitration has experienced an exponential growth in the past years. Recently, there has been abundant discussion on how it influences matters of public policy, with strong criticism referring to its ability to restrain state regulatory capacity, specifically through the freezing of public authorities for fear of investment claims. Among these issues, a key consideration, yet one still under-explored, is how investment arbitration interacts with transitional justice. Considering that building a long-term and lasting peace is the overarching obligation of states coming out of war, this field of study cannot be understated. This paper aims to study the relationship between investment arbitration and transitional justice. To do this, it analyzes how core principles of transitional justice relate to key features of investment arbitration. The analysis concludes that, while investment arbitration and peacebuilding are not fundamentally opposite fields, the characteristics of each system may result in contrast with the other. Further, if this tension is not addressed by public policy, investment arbitration may become an obstacle for the implementation of measures necessary to secure transitional justice for victims of armed conflict.