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2326Kant on ‘Good’, the Good, and the Duty to Promote the Highest GoodIn Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, De Gruyter. pp. 33-50. 2016.Many regard Kant’s account of the highest good as a failure. His inclusion of happiness in the highest good, in combination with his claim that it is a duty to promote the highest good, is widely seen as inconsistent. In this essay, I argue that there is a valid argument, based on premises Kant clearly endorses, in defense of his thesis that it is a duty to promote the highest good. I first examine why Kant includes happiness in the highest good at all. On the basis of a discussion of Kant's dis…Read more
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149Just Love? Marriage and the Question of JusticeSocial Theory and Practice 24 (2): 261-281. 1998.I argue that promoting justice within marriage requires a cultural reconceptualiza¬tion of marriage itself as not merely a relationship of love, but as also a commitment to justice. I argue that it is insufficient to combat injustice in marriage with progressive laws and policies, even when combined with smart planning and bargaining on the part of women. Also necessary is a change in the way marriage itself is viewed. In addition to being regarded as an emotional commitment, it should also b…Read more
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19Vier Kilo, die die Kant-Lektüre erleichtern (review)Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 65 (2): 391-394. 2017.Review of: Marcus Willaschek, Jürgen Stolzenberg, Georg Mohr & Stefano Bacin (eds.), Kant-Lexikon, De Gruyter (2015)
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269CosmopolitanismStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2013.The word ‘cosmopolitan’, which derives from the Greek word kosmopolitês (‘citizen of the world’), has been used to describe a wide variety of important views in moral and socio political philosophy. The nebulous core shared by all cosmopolitan views is the idea that all human beings, regardless of their political affiliation, do (or at least can) belong to a single community, and that this community should be cultivated. Different versions of cosmopolitanism envision this community in different …Read more
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68Patriotism, Peace and Poverty: Reply to Bernstein and VardenKantian Review 19 (2): 267-284. 2014.In this essay I reply to Alyssa Bernstein and Helga Varden's comments on my book, Kant and Cosmopolitanism. In response to Bernstein, I argue that Kant's opposition to the coercive incorporation of states into an international federation should be interpreted as permitting no exceptions. In response to Varden, I clarify Kant's conception and defence of patriotism as a duty, and I show how Kantian cosmopolitans can rebut Bernard Williams's objection. I also explicate why, given a specific feature…Read more
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Kants Politischer KosmopolitismusJahrbuch für Recht Und Ethik 5. 1997.Against the background of a resurgence of political and philosophical interest in patriotism, a series of political philosophers have sought to revive the legacy of cosmopolitianism. Although Immanuel Kant figures centrally in these discussions, we are still in need of an adequate examination of Kant's own cosmopolitianism. The aim of this article is to fill this lacuna and to show the relevance of his thought for the current debate. Kant's unduly neglected concept of cosmopolitan law suggests a…Read more
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399Kant’s Cosmopolitan PatriotismKant Studien 94 (3): 299-316. 2003.Patriotism and cosmopolitanism are often presumed to be mutually exclusive, but Immanuel Kant defends both. Although he is best known for his moral and political cosmopolitanism, in several texts he defends the claim that we have a duty of patriotism, claiming that cosmopolitans ought to be patriotic. In this paper, I examine Kant’s different accounts of the duty of patriotism. I argue that Kant’s defense of nationalist patriotism fails, but that his argument for a duty of civic patriotism succe…Read more
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Een Kantiaanse verdediging van de vrije wilAlgemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 103 (3): 183-200. 2011.
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424The conative character of reason in Kant's philosophyJournal of the History of Philosophy 36 (1): 77-97. 1998.This article provides a critical discussion of the problems raised by Kant’s characterization of reason as having ‘needs’ and ‘interests’. The first part presents two examples of arguments in which this conative characterization of reason plays a crucial role. The rest of the article consists of a discussion of four different interpretations of Kant's talk of reason as having needs and interests. Having identified a number of problems with literal interpretations of the conative characterizat…Read more
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3192Kant's Second Thoughts on ColonialismIn Katrin Flikschuh & Lea Ypi (eds.), Kant and Colonialism: Historical and Critical Perspectives, Oxford University Press. pp. 43-67. 2014.Kant is widely regarded as a fierce critic of colonialism. In Toward Perpetual Peace and the Metaphysics of Morals, for example, he forcefully condemns European conduct in the colonies as a flagrant violation of the principles of right. His earlier views on colonialism have not yet received much detailed scrutiny, however. In this essay I argue that Kant actually endorsed and justified European colonialism until the early 1790s. I show that Kant’s initial endorsement and his subsequent criticism…Read more
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37Moral und Verwirklichung. Zu einigen Themen in Kants Kritik der praktischen Vernunft und deren Zusammenhang mit seiner GeschichtsphilosophieZeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 44 (3). 1990.
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173Kant on historiography and the use of regulative ideasStudies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 39 (4): 523-528. 2008.In this paper, I examine Kant’s methodological remarks in the ‘Idea for a universal history’ against the background of the Critique of pure reason. I argue that Kant’s approach to the function of regulative ideas of human history as a whole may still be fruitful. This approach allows for regulative ideas that are grand in scope, but modest and fallibilistic in their epistemic status. Kant’s methodological analysis should be distinguished from the specific teleological model of history he develop…Read more
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247Kant and cosmopolitanism: the philosophical ideal of world citizenshipCambridge University Press. 2011.This is the first comprehensive account of Kant’s cosmopolitanism, highlighting its moral, political, legal, economic, cultural, and psychological aspects. Contrasting Kant’s views with those of his German contemporaries, and relating them to current debates, Pauline Kleingeld sheds new light on texts that have been hitherto neglected or underestimated. In clear and carefully argued discussions, she shows that Kant’s philosophical cosmopolitanism underwent a radical transformation in the mid 179…Read more
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253What Do the Virtuous Hope For?: Re-reading Kant's Doctrine of the Highest GoodIn Hoke Robinson (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Kant Congress, Memphis 1995, Marquette University Press. pp. 91-112. 1995.
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2288Contradiction and Kant’s Formula of Universal LawKant Studien 108 (1): 89-115. 2017.Kant’s most prominent formulation of the Categorical Imperative, known as the Formula of Universal Law (FUL), is generally thought to demand that one act only on maxims that one can will as universal laws without this generating a contradiction. Kant's view is standardly summarized as requiring the 'universalizability' of one's maxims and described in terms of the distinction between 'contradictions in conception' and 'contradictions in the will'. Focusing on the underappreciated significance of…Read more
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1562Kant's second thoughts on racePhilosophical Quarterly 57 (229). 2007.During the 1780s, as Kant was developing his universalistic moral theory, he published texts in which he defended the superiority of whites over non-whites. Whether commentators see this as evidence of inconsistent universalism or of consistent inegalitarianism, they generally assume that Kant's position on race remained stable during the 1780s and 1790s. Against this standard view, I argue on the basis of his texts that Kant radically changed his mind. I examine his 1780s race theory and his hi…Read more
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332Kant, History, and the Idea of Moral DevelopmentHistory of Philosophy Quarterly 16 (1): 59-80. 1999.I examine the consistency of Kant's notion of moral progress as found in his philosophy of history. To many commentators, Kant's very idea of moral development has seemed inconsistent with basic tenets of his critical philosophy. This idea has seemed incompatible with his claims that the moral law is unconditionally and universally valid, that moral agency is noumenal and atemporal, and that all humans are equally free. Against these charges, I argue not only that Kant's notion of moral devel…Read more
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57Fortschritt und Vernunft: Zur Geschichtsphilosophie KantsKönigshausen und Neumann. 1995.The goal of this study is to reconstruct and evaluate the systematic role of Kant's views on history within his ‛critical' philosophy. Kant's philosophy of history has been neglected in the literature, largely due to the widespread though mistaken perception that it is at odds with central assumptions of Kant’s ‘critical’ thought. I discuss Kant's most important texts on history and examine the relationship between Kant's view of history and the central tenets of his Critiques (in particular, K…Read more
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The Development of Kant's CosmopolitanismIn Paul Formosa, Avery Goldman & Tatiana Patrone (eds.), Politics and Teleology in Kant, University of Wales Press. pp. 59-75. 2014.
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32A Peculiar Fate (review)Review of Metaphysics 47 (4): 808-810. 1994.Kant's writings on history have been enjoying increased recognition by Kant scholars, and Peter Fenves's A Peculiar Fate fits this trend. But here the similarity with mainstream Kant studies abruptly ends. This is no ordinary monograph on Kant's philosophy of history: neither in terms of the selection of Kant's writings discussed by its author, nor in terms of its style, nor in terms of its philosophical approach.
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294Nature or Providence? On the Theoretical and Moral Importance of Kant’s Philosophy of HistoryAmerican Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 75 (2): 201-219. 2001.Kant’s use of the terms ‘Nature’ and ‘Providence’ in his essays on history has long puzzled commentators. Kant personifies Nature and Providence in a curious way, by speaking of them as “deciding” to give humankind certain predispositions, “wanting” these to be developed, and “knowing” what is best for humans Moreover, he leaves the relationship between the two terms unclear. In this essay, I argue that Kant’s use of ‘Nature’ and ‘Providence’ can be clarified and explained. Moreover, I show …Read more
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709Kant on the Unity of Theoretical and Practical ReasonReview of Metaphysics 52 (2): 500-528. 1998.In his critical works of the 1780's, Kant claims, seemingly inconsistently, that (1) theoretical and practical reason are one and the same reason, applied differently, (2) that he still needs to show that they are, and (3) that theoretical and practical reason are united. I first argue that current interpretations of Kant's doctrine of the unity of reason are insufficient. But rather than concluding that Kant’s doctrine becomes coherent only in the Critique of Judgment, I show that the three st…Read more
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2Kant's changing cosmopolitanismIn Amélie Rorty & James Schmidt (eds.), Kant's Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim: A Critical Guide, Cambridge University Press. pp. 171--186. 2009.
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399Consistent egoists and situation managers: two problems for situationismPhilosophical Explorations 18 (3): 344-361. 2015.According to philosophical “situationism”, psychological evidence shows that human action is typically best explained by the influence of situational factors and not by “global” and robust character traits of the agent. As a practical implication of their view, situationists recommend that efforts in moral education be shifted from character development to situation management. Much of the discussion has focused on whether global conceptions of virtue and character, and in particular Aristotelia…Read more
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2050Romantic Cosmopolitanism: Novalis’s “Christianity or Europe”Journal of the History of Philosophy 46 (2). 2008.German Romanticism is commonly associated with nationalism rather than cosmopolitanism. Against this standard picture, I argue that the early German romantic author, Novalis (Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg, 1772–1801) holds a decidedly cosmopolitan view. Novalis’s essay “Christianity or Europe” has been the subject of much dispute and puzzlement ever since he presented it to the Jena romantic circle in the fall of 1799. On the basis of an account of the philosophical background of Novali…Read more
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177Kant’s Theory of PeaceIn Paul Guyer (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, Cambridge University Press. 2006.