Bert Gordijn

This paper explores the relevance of the debate about ethical expertise for the practice of clinical ethics. We present definitions, explain three theories of ethical expertise, and identify arguments that have been brought up to either support the concept of ethical expertise or call it into question. Finally, we discuss four theses: the debate is relevant for the practice of clinical ethics in that it (1) improves and specifies clinical ethicists' perception of their expertise; (2) contributes to improving the perception of moral competence of non-ethicists; (3) gives insight into complementary styles of argumentation of ethicists and non-ethicists; and (4) contributes to the awareness of the problem of profession-building of (clinical) ethicists.

The objective of this article is to analyse and compare four methods of ethical case deliberation. These include Clinical Pragmatism, The Nijmegen Method of ethical case deliberation, Hermeneutic dialogue, and Socratic dialogue. The origin of each method will be briefly sketched. Furthermore, the methods as well as the related protocols will be presented. Each method will then be evaluated against the background of those situations in which it is being used. The article aims to show that there is not one ideal method of ethical case deliberation, which fits to all possible kinds of moral problems. Rather, as each of the methods highlights a limited number of morally relevant aspects, each method has its strengths and weaknesses as well. These strengths and weaknesses should be evaluated in relation to different types of situations, for instance moral problems in treatment decisions, moral uneasiness and residue, and the like. The suggestion arrived at on the basis of the findings of this paper is a reasonable methodological plurality. This means that a method can be chosen depending on the type of moral problem to be deliberated upon. At the same time it means, that by means of a method, deliberation should be facilitated

In genomic research the ideal standard of free, informed, prior, and explicit consent is believed to restrict important research studies. For certain types of genomic research other forms of consent are therefore proposed which are ethically justified by an appeal to the common good. This notion is often used in a general sense and this forms a weak basis for the use of weaker forms of consent. Here we examine how the notion of the common good can be related to individual health, health care, and genomic research and we use this analysis to propose more precise criteria to justify forms of consent which diverge from the ideal standard.

Definition of the problem: Cord blood banks have been and are still being set up in many modern states all over the world. Cord blood transplantation, however, gives rise to a specific set of ethical problems, that must be cleared up and analyzed before full responsibility can be assumed and the establishment of banks for frozen cord blood samples and the structural implementation of cord blood transplantation can be justified. The main ethical issues concerning cord blood stem cell transplantation can be divided into at least six groups of questions that are closely related. First, there are ethical issues concerning the status of the treatment. Must cord blood transplantation somehow still be considered an „investigational” treatment or can it be regarded as accepted therapy? Second, we must face the question of the ownership of the placental tissue. Third, there are questions regarding the fairness in the collection and distribution of cord blood. Fourth, there is the issue of informed consent. Fifth, there is the question of whether how new data from medical testing will be communicated to the parents or the donor. Finally, questions related to privacy and confidentiality need to be addressed. Conclusion: As it is likely in the years to come that the supply and demand for cord blood will grow, clinicians will increasingly need answers to these ethical questions. Only thoughtful analysis of the attendant ethical issues of the establishment of banks for frozen blood samples and the structural implementation of cord blood transplantation can mitigate potential problems