Miguel Sanchez

The preface to the French Civil Code of 1804 announced a New Order based on Right Reason and the political-legal values of the French Revolution, in an attempt to replace the role which churches had traditionally played in the morality of society. Moreover, the new civil law was presented as a substitute for moral law and religion with the aim of taking their place in that burgeoning society. One-dimensional law came into being in order to regulate all aspects of life and was ultimately to do away with the sin/crime dichotomy..Key words: Law, religión, sin, crime.

Resumen: El Preámbulo del Código francés de 1804 anuncia un nuevo orden basado en la recta razón y en los valores político-jurídicos de la Revolución francesa, en un intento de sustituir el papel tradicional que las iglesias habían jugado en la moralidad de la sociedad. Es más, la nueva ley civil se presenta como un sustituto de la ley moral y de la religión con intención de ocupar su lugar en la nueva sociedad que alumbra. Aparece la norma unidimensional con pretensión de regular todos los ámbitos de la vida y que, en definitiva, acabará con la dicotomía pecado/delito Palabras clave: Derecho, religión, pecado, delito.

Resumen: El Preámbulo del Código francés de 1804 anuncia un nuevo orden basado en la recta razón y en los valores político-jurídicos de la Revolución francesa, en un intento de sustituir el papel tradicional que las iglesias habían jugado en la moralidad de la sociedad. Es más, la nueva ley civil se presenta como un sustituto de la ley moral y de la religión con intención de ocupar su lugar en la nueva sociedad que alumbra. Aparece la norma unidimensional con pretensión de regular todos los ámbitos de la vida y que, en de nitiva, acabará con la dicotomía pecado/delito Palabras clave: Derecho, religión, pecado, delito.

New aspects of spectral fluctuations of (quantum) chaotic and diffusive systems are considered, namely autocorrelations of the spacing between consecutive levels or spacing autocovariances. They can be viewed as a discretized two point correlation function. Their behavior results from two different contributions. One corresponds to (universal) random matrix eigenvalue fluctuations, the other to diffusive or chaotic characteristics of the corresponding classical motion. A closed formula expressing spacing autocovariances in terms of classical dynamical zeta functions, including the Perron–Frobenius operator, is derived. It leads to a simple interpretation in terms of classical resonances. The theory is applied to zeros of the Riemann zeta function. A striking correspondence between the associated classical dynamical zeta functions and the Riemann zeta itself is found. This induces a resurgence phenomenon where the lowest Riemann zeros appear replicated an infinite number of times as resonances and sub-resonances in the spacing autocovariances. The theoretical results are confirmed by existing “data.” The present work further extends the already well known semiclassical interpretation of properties of Riemann zeros

© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved.Cell walls of grasses, including cereal crops and biofuel grasses, comprise the majority of plant biomass and intimately influence plant growth, development and physiology. However, the functions of many cell wall synthesis genes, and the relationships among and the functions of cell wall components remain obscure. To better understand the patterns of cell wall accumulation and identify genes that act in grass cell wall biosynthesis, we characterized 30 samples from aerial organs of rice at 10 developmental time points, 3-100 d post-germination. Within these samples, we measured 15 cell wall chemical components, enzymatic digestibility and 18 cell wall polysaccharide epitopes/ligands. We also used quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to measure expression of 50 glycosyltransferases, 15 acyltransferases and eight phenylpropanoid genes, many of which had previously been identified as being highly expressed in rice. Most cell wall components vary significantly during development, and correlations among them support current understanding of cell walls. We identified 92 significant correlations between cell wall components and gene expression and establish nine strong hypotheses for genes that synthesize xylans, mixed linkage glucan and pectin components. This work provides an extensive analysis of cell wall composition throughout rice development, identifies genes likely to synthesize grass cell walls, and provides a framework for development of genetically improved grasses for use in lignocellulosic biofuel production and agriculture.

BackgroundMonitoring recovery–stress balance in sport is becoming more relevant to prevent training maladaptation and reach the optimal performance for each athlete. The use of questionnaires that identify the athlete’s recovery–stress state have much acceptance in sports due to reliability and useful, furthermore for its low cost. Identifying possible differences between sport modalities and sex is important to determine specific needs and possible intervention ways to keep a recovery–stress balance. The aim was to analyze the differences in the recovery–stress state and mood states by sex and sport type during the competitive phase in young Mexican athletes. As a secondary objective, the psychometric properties of the Mexican version of the Recovery–Stress Questionnaire for Athletes were analyzed.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried on with 461 athletes, 17.95 years old, from six sports disciplines. The RESTQ-Sport and Profile of Mood States were applied in a single moment. Differences by sex and sports modality were analyzed. RESTQ-Sport’s confirmatory factor analysis was performed after the stress and recovery theoretical structure of two stress and two recovery dimensions, and last, the concurrent validation with the POMS was carried on.ResultsSignificant differences by sex were found in the General Recovery and Sport Stress dimensions of the RESTQ-Sport as well as Vigor factor of the POMS, being higher for men; furthermore, both the Sport Recovery dimension of RESTQ-Sport and Cholera and the Fatigue and Depression factors from POMS also had differences by sport type, showing a less recovery and high stress for individual sport athletes. Goodness-of-fit indexes of the model for the RESTQ-Sport were acceptable. Pearson’s correlation between questionnaires was moderate.ConclusionThe recovery–stress state shows differences in the function of sex and sport modality. More special attention is suggested for women and individual sport athletes. The higher punctuation for men compared with women in sport stress dimension did not negatively affect the recovery–stress balance for male athletes. Finally, the Mexican context adaptation of the RESTQ-Sport provides a psychometric instrument suitable to assess the recovery–stress balance in Mexican athletes.

RESUMEN El presente artículo está dirigido a sistematizar una concepción teórica y metodológica que sustente el proceso de extensión universitaria en la carrera de Medicina en Cuba. Entre los resultados se destaca el lugar y papel de la extensión universitaria en el sistema de la formación integral del profesional a la que se asigna una connotación especial, de marcado contenido axiológico, coherente con las necesidades y proyecciones sociales que facilita la formación del educando y fortalece la relación institución-comunidad. Es factible de ser aplicado pues puede devenir en una importante contribución a elevar el impacto social de la docencia médica en tanto atiendan aspectos como la preparación de los implicados en las diferentes instancias; la colaboración de los consejos populares y los factores de la comunidad que se manifiestan en el modo de actuación del profesional. ABSTRACT The present article is directed to systematize a theoretical and methodological conception that sustains the process of university extension in the career of Cuban medicine. Among the results he/she stands out the place and paper of the university extension in the system of the integral formation from the professional to which a special connotation is assigned, of marked axiological contained, coherent with the necessities and social projections that it facilitates the formation of the educating and it strengthens the relationship institution-community. It is feasible of being applied then it can become in an important contribution to elevate the social impact of the medical teaching as long as they assist aspects like the preparation of those implied in the different instances; the collaboration of the popular advice and the factors of the community that are manifested in the way of the professional's performance.

La filosofía de las matemáticas de Aristóteles es una investigación acerca de tres asuntos diferentes pero complementarios: el lugar epistemológico de las matemáticas en el organigrama de las ciencias teoréticas o especulativas; el estudio del método usado por el matemático para elaborar sus doctrinas, sobre todo la geometría y la aritmética; y la averiguación del estatuto ontológico de las entidades matemáticas. Para comprender lo peculiar de la doctrina aristotélica es necesario tener en cuenta que su principal interés está en poner en relación la matemática con la filosofía primera u ontología y la física, y salvaguardar el campo de conocimiento propio de cada una de ellas.

El británico John Henry Newman es uno de los personajes más influyentes del pensamiento inglés del siglo XIX. Fue uno de conversos más famosos de los últimos tiempos, abandonando el anglicanismo en la Inglaterra del XIX y convirtiéndose al catolicismo a pesar de las dificultades que eso significaba. Newman fue uno de los más grandes intelectuales de la época, personaje muy influyente en el Movimiento de Oxford y destaco artífice de la fundación de la Universidad Católica de Irlanda. Cardenal de la Iglesia Católica, en sus escritos refleja sus inquietudes intelectuales y educativas. Serán precisamente estas y su idea de universidad, lo que se desarrollará en las páginas que siguen, tratando de ahondar en el pensamiento filosófico y espiritual de Newman, con giros y vinculaciones con sus ideas pedagógicas, las más olvidadas en los trabajos dedicados al cardenal inglés. John Henry Newman is one of the most influential English 19th century thought. He was one of most famous converts in recent times, leaving Anglicanism in England in the 19th and converting to Catholicism despite the difficulties that meant. Newman was one of the greatest intellectuals of the time, very influential figure in the Oxford Movement and stressed architect of the foundation of the Catholic University of Ireland. Cardinal of the Catholic Church in his writings reflected his intellectual and educational concerns. These are precisely and their idea of university, which will take place in the pages that follow, trying to delve into the philosophical and spiritual thought of Newman, with twists and attachments to their educational ideas, the most neglected in the work dedicated to the English cardinal.

The aim of this study is to try to make use of real numbers for representing an infinite analysis of individual notions in an infinity of possible worlds.As an introduction to the subject, the author shows, firstly, the possibility of representing Boole's lattice of universal notions by an associate Boole's lattice of rational numbers.But, in opposition to the universal notions, definable by a finite number of predicates, an individual notion, cannot admits this sort of definition, because each state of an individual subject is characterized by the values taken by an infinite number of predicates, each of whom may appear or disappear in the next state.The notion of “degree of identification of an individual notion” is then introduced and arithmetized by a rational number.As an individual notion can be defined by a convergent succession of degrees of identification, the real characteristic number of such an individual notion can be defined by the corresponding convergent succession of rational numbers, satisfying Cauchy's conditions for the convergence of successions

El problema del conocimiento teórico de Dios ha ocupado a los filósofos desde los orígenes de la Filosofía. El giro copernicano que Kant imprimió al planteamiento metafísico por excelencia –Dios– no hizo sino agudizar el asunto. Las múltiples tradiciones filosóficas contemporáneas también manifiestan un interés por la posibilidad o imposibilidad de tal empresa. Aunque la propuesta filosófica de Leonardo Polo no se inserta directamente en alguna de esas tradiciones, se aprovecha de muchas de sus nociones y argumentaciones, sobre todo de las tradiciones aristotélica, tomista y fenomenológica. Según el filósofo madrileño la inteligencia, también en su vertiente teórica, es capax Dei. El siguiente artículo pretende hacerse cargo de manera global de en qué consiste para Leonardo Polo ese aserto.

Essence and causes in and through the movements in Nature. From Aristotle and in dialogue with Alicia Juarrero: According to Aristotle there is an intrinsic relation between ordinary language, logic and ontology, which is a key element for the knowledge of reality. Such a relation is applied by the Stagirite in the sphere of nature as support for the analysis made by the incipient natural sciences of his time. Thus, Aristotle provided a unitary conception of nature and the sciences which study it. His contributions are still relevant for the study of nature. This paper tries to show the present validity of the Aristotelian thought, provided it is understood in the appropriate way. This attempt is made by means of confronting Aristotle’s ideas with those of a contemporary proposal, namely Juarrero’s, which has nevertheless a similar intention.