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48How to Build a Person: A ProlegomenonMIT Press. 1989.Pollock describes an exciting theory of rationality and its partial implementation in OSCAR, a computer system whose descendants will literally be persons.
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13How to build a person: The physical basis for mentalityPhilosophical Perspectives 1 109-154. 1987.
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52Epistemology and probabilitySynthese 55 (2): 231-252. 1983.Probability is sometimes regarded as a universal panacea for epistemology. It has been supposed that the rationality of belief is almost entirely a matter of probabilities. Unfortunately, those philosophers who have thought about this most extensively have tended to be probability theorists first, and epistemologists only secondarily. In my estimation, this has tended to make them insensitive to the complexities exhibited by epistemic justification. In this paper I propose to turn the tables. I …Read more
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119Epistemology and probabilityNoûs 17 (1): 65-67. 1983.Probability is sometimes regarded as a universal panacea for epistemology. It has been supposed that the rationality of belief is almost entirely a matter of probabilities. Unfortunately, those philosophers who have thought about this most extensively have tended to be probability theorists first, and epistemologists only secondarily. In my estimation, this has tended to make them insensitive to the complexities exhibited by epistemic justification. In this paper I propose to turn the tables. I …Read more
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67``Defeasible Reasoning with Variable Degrees of Justification"Artificial Intelligence 133 (1-2): 233-282. 2001.The question addressed in this paper is how the degree of justification of a belief is determined. A conclusion may be supported by several different arguments, the arguments typically being defeasible, and there may also be arguments of varying strengths for defeaters for some of the supporting arguments. What is sought is a way of computing the “on sum” degree of justification of a conclusion in terms of the degrees of justification of all relevant premises and the strengths of all relevant re…Read more
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311Defeasible ReasoningCognitive Science 11 (4): 481-518. 1987.There was a long tradition in philosophy according to which good reasoning had to be deductively valid. However, that tradition began to be questioned in the 1960’s, and is now thoroughly discredited. What caused its downfall was the recognition that many familiar kinds of reasoning are not deductively valid, but clearly confer justification on their conclusions. Here are some simple examples.
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305Contemporary theories of knowledgeHutchinson. 1986.This new edition of the classic Contemporary Theories of Knowledge has been significantly updated to include analyses of the recent literature in epistemology.
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38Counter-inductionInquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 5 (1-4). 1962.This article attempts to show that certain alternatives that have been proposed to the classical principle of induction are necessarily inferior to it. The simplest versions of these ?counter?inductionist? policies are logically inconsistent, and consistent formulations are less reliable than the straight principle of induction
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34Basic modal logicJournal of Symbolic Logic 32 (3): 355-365. 1967.As anyone who is familiar with the literature knows, there is a great deal of controversy concerning which, if any, of the extant theories of propositional modal logic correctly formalizes the logic of certain logical concepts such as analyticity and logical necessity. Most of the controversy concerns certain principles that involve iterated modalities (where one modal operator occurs within the scope of another). For example, there is considerable disagreement about whether the principle(□p⊃□□p…Read more
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99The foundations of philosophical semanticsPrinceton University Press. 1984.Princeton University Press, 984. This book is out of print, but can be downloaded as a pdf file (3.9 MB).
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119Language and thoughtPrinceton University Press. 1982.Princeton University Press, 1982. This book is out of print, but can be downloaded as a pdf file (5 MB).
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39Nomic Probability and the Foundations of Induction (review)Philosophical Review 102 (1): 115. 1993.
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19Procedural Epistemology — At the Interface of Philosophy and AIIn John Greco & Ernest Sosa (eds.), The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, Blackwell. 2017.Epistemology is about how we can know the various things we claim to know. Epistemology is driven by attempts to answer the question, “How do you know?” This gives rise to investigations on several different levels. At the lowest level, philosophers investigate particular kinds of knowledge claims. Thus we find theories of perceptual knowledge (“How do you know the things you claim to know directly on the basis of perception?”), theories of induction and abduction (“How do you know the general t…Read more
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32Evaluative cognitionNoûs 35 (3). 2001.Cognitive agents form beliefs representing the world, evaluate the world as represented, form plans for making the world more to their liking, and perform actions executing the plans. Then the cycle repeats. This is the doxastic-conative loop, diagrammed in figure one.1 Both human beings and the autonomous rational agents envisaged in AI are cognitive agents in this sense. The cognition of a cognitive agent can be subdivided into two parts. Epistemic cognition is that kind of cognition responsib…Read more
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263Knowledge and JustificationPrinceton University Press. 1974.Princeton University Press, 1974. This book is out of print, but can be downloaded as a pdf file (5 MB).
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