X. Wang

Cognitive reappraisal is one of the core treatment components of cognitive behavioral therapy and is the gold standard treatment for major depressive disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that cognitive reappraisal could function as a protective factor of cognitive vulnerability to depression. However, the neural mechanism by which CR training reduces cognitive vulnerability to depression is unclear. There is ample evidence that the prefrontal–amygdala circuit is involved in CR. This study proposes a novel cognitive bias model of CR training which hypothesizes that CR training may improve the generation ability of CR with altered prefrontal–amygdala functional activation/connectivity, thus reducing negative cognitive bias and alleviating depressive symptoms. This study aims to explore whether there is abnormal CR strategy generation ability in individuals who are cognitively vulnerable to depression; test the hypothesis that CR training alleviates depressive symptoms through the mediators of cognitive bias ; explore the neural mechanism by which CR training may enhance the ability of CR strategy generation; and examine the short- and long-term effects of CR training on the reduction in depressive symptoms in individuals who are cognitively vulnerable to depression following intervention and 6 months later. The study is promising, providing theoretical and practical evidence for the early intervention of depression-vulnerable individuals.

This study conceptualized digital competence in line with self-determined theory and investigated how it alongside help-seeking and learning agency collectively preserved university students’ psychological well-being by assisting them to manage cognitive load and academic burnout, as well as increasing their engagement in online learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Moreover, students’ socioeconomic status and demographic variables were examined. Partial least square modeling and cluster analysis were performed on the survey data collected from 695 students. The findings show that mental load and mental effort were positively related to academic burnout, which was significantly negatively associated with student engagement in online learning. Digital competence did not directly affect academic burnout, but indirectly via its counteracting effect on cognitive load. However, help-seeking and agency were not found to be significantly negatively related to cognitive load. Among the three SDT constructs, digital competence demonstrated the greatest positive influence on student engagement. In addition, female students from humanities and social sciences disciplines and lower-income families seemed to demonstrate the weakest digital competence, lowest learning agency, and least help-seeking behaviors. Consequently, they were more vulnerable to high cognitive load and academic burnout, leading to the lowest learning engagement. This study contributes to the ongoing arguments related to the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and informs the development of efficient interventions that preserve university students’ psychological well-being in online learning.

Background With the extensive integration of digital technology into clinical research, intelligence, virtualization, and decentralization have gradually transformed into emerging clinical research modes, the electronization of informed consent has become indispensable to the development of clinical trial informatization, and the inclination to use electronic informed consent (eIC) has grown. The knowledge and perceptions of research participants, as objects of informed consent acquisition, regarding eIC are crucial. However, few studies have empirically explored such issues. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at three general hospitals in south-central China from July to September 2022. An online survey questionnaire was adapted and administered via WeChat to investigate the issues of interest. Results A total of 388 valid questionnaires were included in the analysis. The results showed that the overall response rate for the knowledge section of the questionnaire exceeded 70%. Of the respondents, 53.1% had heard of the term “electronic informed consent,” but only 43.2% had used eIC. The majority of respondents (68%) expressed a preference for using eIC and demonstrated a positive attitude toward it. However, some participants expressed concerns regarding the security and confidentiality (64.4%), operational complexity (52.3%), and effectiveness of online interaction (59.3%) in eIC. Statistically significant relationships were observed between participants’ attitude scores and their age, gender, type of participation, and frequency of involvement in clinical research. Additionally, a positive and statistically significant correlation was found between participants’ knowledge scores and their attitude scores. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that most participants have a good understanding of eIC-related knowledge and hold a positive attitude toward its implementation. However, they also express concerns about data protection and privacy security in eIC. These findings provide a foundation for developing targeted strategies to enhance the adoption and acceptance of eIC among diverse populations.

Understanding and predicting human cooperative behaviour and belief dynamics remains a major challenge both from the scientific and practical perspectives. Because of the complexity and multiplicity of material, social and cognitive factors involved, both empirical and theoretical work tends to focus only on some snippets of the puzzle. Recently, a mathematical theory has been proposed that integrates material, social and cognitive aspects of behaviour and beliefs dynamics to explain how people make decisions in social dilemmas within heterogeneous groups. Here we apply this theory in two countries, China and Spain, through four long-term behavioural experiments utilising the Common Pool Resources game and the Collective Risk game. Our results show that material considerations carry the smallest weight in decision-making, while personal norms tend to be the most important factor. Empirical and normative expectations have intermediate weight in decision-making. Cognitive dissonance, social projection, logic constraints and cultural background play important roles in both decision-making and beliefs dynamics. At the individual level, we observe differences in the weights that people assign to factors involved in the decision-making and belief updating process. We identify different types of prosociality and rule-following associated with cultural differences, various channels for the effects of messaging, and culturally dependent interactions between sensitivity to messaging and conformity. Our results can put policy and information design on firmer ground, highlighting the need for interventions tailored to the situation at hand and to individual characteristics. Overall, this work demonstrates the theoretical and practical power of the theory in providing a more comprehensive understanding of human behaviour and beliefs.

For the first time, this study uses the sports event—tennis as an intermediate carrier to build a bridge of interaction between wealth management characteristic talents and wealth management objects, so that the training of wealth management characteristic talents and employers can be seamlessly connected and integrated naturally. It has broadened the employment channels for talents with characteristics of wealth management, shortened the time process for the integration of wealth management-related college graduates into the society, and improved the recognition of wealth management-related students by employers. At the same time, this study proposes specific measures for wealth management-related employers to feed back the quality of wealth management talent training in colleges and universities.

The need for automated fact-checking has become urgent with the rise of misleading content on social media. Recently, Fake News Classification (FNC) has evolved to incorporate justifications provided by fact-checkers to explain their decisions. In this work, we argue that an argumentative representation of fact-checkers’ justifications can improve the precision and explainability of FNC systems. To address this challenging task, we present LIARArg, a novel linguistic resource composed of 2,832 news and their justifications. LIARArg extends the 6-label FNC dataset LIAR-PLUS with argumentation structures, leading to the first FNC dataset annotated with argument components (claim and premise) and fine-grained relations (attack, support, partial support and partial attack). To integrate argumentation in FNC, we propose a novel joint learning method combining, for the first time, Argument Mining and FNC which outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, especially for news with intermediate truthfulness labels. Besides, our experimental setting demonstrates that fine-grained relations allow an extra performance boost. We also show that the argumentative representation of human justifications can be exploited in a Chain-of-Thought manner both in prompts and model output, paving a promising avenue for research in explainable fact-checking. Finally, our fully automated pipeline shows that integrating argumentation into FNC is not only feasible but also effective.

Contemporary communication contexts involving dramatic increases in multilingual and multimodal interaction call for careful attention to translation between domains and modalities. This study provides a bibliometric analysis of studies on multimodal translation (MT) to map its trend and development. The indicators analyzed include the number of publications by year, mostly researched fields, most productive countries/regions, major source journals, most frequently explored topics, most cited articles, and most cited references. The results show that the annual research output of MT is on the rise, revealing its significant potential. It is evident that, although MT is mostly distributed in the field of linguistics, its collaborative research with other fields is increasing, like psychology, history, music, and religion. Audiovisual translation is spearheaded by scholars with continuing interests. Other emerging topics include the translation of video games, comics, musical lyrics, and machine translation. As a whole, many potentially unexplored areas may gradually appear with the development of technology, presenting both broad prospects and challenges for MT.

Corporate debt default risk poses significant challenges in the business world, requiring a multifaceted approach for effective mitigation. This study, grounded in an ethical decision-making framework, investigates the influence of Confucian culture on shaping ethical corporate culture and managers’ moral capacity and its subsequent impact on corporate debt default risk. Our findings indicate that companies deeply influenced by Confucian culture tend to exhibit lower debt default risks. Specifically, companies that embrace Confucian values demonstrate an enhanced ethical corporate culture and heightened individual moral capacity. These factors play crucial roles in the ethical decision-making process, thereby reducing the likelihood of engaging in risky financial behaviors. Further analysis reveals that the inhibitory effect of Confucian culture on debt default risk is particularly pronounced in enterprises operating within regions characterized by poor integrity environments and weak product market competition. This inhibitory effect can lead to a reduction in the cost of corporate debt financing and the risk of stock price crashes. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the interplay between culture, business ethics, and corporate risk management.

Background Ethical decision-making plays a crucial role in addressing ethical challenges, and the importance of psychological factors in nursing has gained attention. However, research addressing the correlation between these traits and ethical decision-making capacity remains scarce, and the interactions between these factors remain unclear. Aim To explore the relationship between the personality traits and ethical decision-making abilities of nursing staff. Research design This is a descriptive and correlational study. Participants and research context The sample comprised 1956 nurses from seven Class III Grade A general hospitals in Shandong Province, China. Data was collected using a general information questionnaire, the Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five-Factor Inventory, and the Judgement About Nursing Decision, and was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and multiple hierarchical analysis. Ethical considerations The proposal was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Shandong University, China. Participation in this study was voluntary. Consent was obtained and confidentiality kept. Results A significant positive correlation between the Big Five personality traits and ethical decision-making between nurses was revealed (r = 0.365, p < 0.001). The personality traits accounted for 16.4% of the overall variation in ethical decision-making. In addition, the participants’ ethical decision-making scores were at a moderate level. The average score for the Big Five personality traits was 192.29 (SD = 12.05). Conclusion The results showed a significant correlation between nurses’ Big Five personality traits and their ethical decision-making abilities. Therefore, hospital administrators could consider incorporating personality assessments into their staffing decisions to place nurses in roles that best align with their strengths. Furthermore, it is beneficial for nursing educators to recognize the importance of understanding how personality traits influence ethical decision-making, as well as the need for enhancing ethical awareness among nurses. Utilizing Big Five personality traits to predict ethical decision-making capabilities can facilitate effective nursing staff placement, ultimately enhancing the quality of nursing care delivery.

Dissatisfaction with facial appearance is one of the strongest contributors to body image disturbance among young Chinese females and leads to a series of psychological and behavioral disorders. By conducting behavioral and ERP experiments, this study illustrates how young females in China with facial dissatisfaction process different levels of facial attractiveness. Experiments 1 and 2 are behavioral experiments in which the dot-probe paradigm was used to explore the participant’s attentional bias to facial attractiveness. The results showed that regardless of whether the face image was presented above or below the threshold, young females with facial dissatisfaction exhibited attentional orientation toward lowly attractive faces and attentional avoidance to both lowly and highly attractive faces, while the control group showed difficulty in attentional disengagement from highly attractive faces. In experiment 3, the learning-recognition task was used to examine mnemonic bias toward facial attractiveness among females with facial dissatisfaction, and EEG data were also recorded during the encoding and retrieval phases. The study found that young females with facial dissatisfaction exhibited a mnemonic preference for lowly attractive images at both the encoding and retrieving stages, with higher P1, N170, P2, and N300 induced by lowly attractive faces, while the control group preferred highly attractive faces. In conclusion, young females with facial dissatisfaction tend to exhibit attentional orientation and mnemonic bias toward lowly attractive faces.

In the 1920s, in the context of the New Culture movement, G u Jiegang 顧頡剛 (1893–1980) initiated the Chinese current of “Doubting Antiquity,” which aimed at a depolitization of ancient scholarship and a restoration of its historical value. During this process, Y ang Zhu 楊朱 (allegedly around 400 BCE) entered Gu’s discussion and became an integral part of Gu’s reconstruction of the Daoist tradition. In Gu’s understanding, the master Y ang Zhu had long been seriously misunderstood and wrongly interpreted. In the context of the Doubting Antiquity movement, Gu’s specific methodology, which insists on the validity of textual sources and a meticulous study of related expressions and ideas in different texts, enables him to not only offer an interpretation of Y ang Zhu that stands out from all modern reconstructions, but also to reconstruct and redefine a Daoist lineage that originated from Y ang Zhu’s thought. This essay is divided into two parts. In the first part (Section 2), I present how Gu manages to include a variety of ancient sources in his discussion of Y ang Zhu and how he reinterprets Y ang Zhu’s theory. In the second part (Section 3), I demonstrate how he places Y ang Zhu in a network of lineages and connections, hence associating him with a philosophy that centered on the discussion of human nature.

The role of CEO affects in influencing corporate ESG performance is underexplored, despite the growing importance of ESG factors in modern business strategy. Previous literature suggests that CEO emotions can impact corporate decisions, but the specific relationship between CEO affects and ESG outcomes remains unclear. Using panel data from 35,078 firm-year observations spanning from 2010 to 2022, we examine the nonlinear relationship between CEO positive and negative affects and corporate ESG performance. Our results reveal that CEO positive affects exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship with ESG performance, where moderate positive affects enhance ESG outcomes, while excessive positivity undermines them. Additionally, we find that CEO negative affects are negatively correlated with ESG performance. Media pressure moderates these relationships, amplifying the negative effects of negative affects and mitigating the impact of extreme positive affects on ESG performance. This investigation contributes significantly to our understanding of how CEO affects impact ESG performance and provides guidance for achieving sustainable development objectives.

Innovative therapy, as a new paradigm of medical intervention deviating from standard routine practice, prioritizes the best interests of patients, offering alternative therapeutic pathways where standard treatments fail. In China, their application is increasing alongside advancements in medical technology. However, innovative therapy poses various ethical challenges in clinical settings, including misconceptions of being viewed as research rather than therapy, benefit‐risk assessment complexities, conflicts of interest, and barriers to the development of effective regulatory strategies. This paper elucidates the concept of innovative therapy and critically examines these challenges within the Chinese clinical context, emphasizing patients’ best interests. It proposes establishing guidelines and a comprehensive, adaptable regulatory framework to address the unmet healthcare‐related needs of individual patients and mitigate risks. Engaging in these discussions provides some ethical insights from China on innovative therapy, serving as a reference for fostering the development and responsible utilization of innovative therapy.

The problem of providing an objective characterization of human variation have been often intermingled with the questionable task of providing scientific grounds for racism. The source of this confusion lies in the misconception that Petrus Camper’s (1722–1789) theory of the facial line demonstrates the superiority of the Caucasian racial type. In this paper, we argue that the invention of the facial line, far from obeying Euro-centric aesthetic bias, grounded Camper’s neutrality with respect to any claim of racial superiority. This can be understood by analyzing the representational function of the facial line in the light of the aesthetic underpinnings of Camper’s overall theory. Thus, we show that the theory of the facial line rests upon the fundamental assumption that if a representation faithfully captures certain aesthetic properties of its target, then it also represents objective physical properties thereof. To unpack how this principle underlies the construction of the theory of the facial line, we analyze the influence of Johan Joachim Winckelmann’s (1717–1768) conception of Ideal Beauty on Camper’s craniological studies. The features of correctness, neutrality, and duality which Winckelmann ascribes to the Ideal Beauty informed the discovery of the facial line as the appropriate key for the anthropometric characterization of human variation. From this it is argued that a consistent interpretation of Camper’s work must consider his representation of human variation as a preorder, not a hierarchy, in the logical space of the facial angle.

Discourse serves as a medium through which speakers (or writers) express their stance, affect and intentions, that is, subjectivity. Subjectivity in discourse is omnipresent, meaning that it manifests whenever discourse is generated. Nevertheless, current research lacks a thorough exploration of discourse subjectivity (DS) and its particular cognitive connotations. A framework for analysing the cognitive connotations of DS from the philosophic perspective was constructed to delve deeper into the cognitive aspects of DS. This approach utilised qualitative research and conceptual analysis methods. Using this framework, the cognitive connotations of DS were meticulously examined from two perspectives: speakers’ self-ascription to objective events and speakers’ concern over the ‘self’ of the hearers (or readers). The findings reveal that: (1) the constructed framework facilitates a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive connotations of DS, uncovering the inherent links among discourse, speakers, hearers, context and subjectivity; (2) speakers’ self-ascription to objective events encompasses their stance, affect and intentions; (3) speakers’ concern over the hearers’ ‘self’ specifically includes the hearers’ self-image, cognitive state and social identity. This study provides a framework and perspective for further research into DS and discourse analysis, offering insights for exploring subjective phenomena in discourse more deeply.

This article examines the ethical implications of embryo selection (ES) and gene editing (GE) in reproductive medicine through the lens of Pummer's Person-Affecting View (PAV). I argue that even if the edited embryo is not numerically identical to the unedited one, GE may still be ethically preferable to ES in certain scenarios. PAV assesses the moral permissibility of an action based on the balance of requiring reasons against and permitting reasons for it, from the perspective of particular individuals. I apply PAV to ES/GE decisions, considering the expected happiness and suffering of potential future children. The permissibility of ES or GE depends on the nature of the genetic disorder and the balance of expected happiness and suffering in each case.

Teacher’s unethical professional behaviors affect students’ physical and mental health. Prevention should start with student teachers, but empirical research is lacking in China. This study surveyed over 2,000 student teachers from China to examine the psychometric properties of a student teachers’ unethical professional behavior tendencies scale which revised by primary and secondary school teachers’ unethical professional behavior tendencies scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that a bi-factor model fit the data best. The final student teachers’ unethical professional behavior tendencies scale comprised four subscales, including a general factor and four special factors. The student teachers’ unethical professional behavior tendencies scale correlated negatively with their professional ethical values and positively with perceived frequency of unethical professional behaviors of college teachers around them. The data supported the scale’s measurement invariance across gender, and male student teachers scored significantly higher on unethical professional behavior tendencies than female student teachers. The findings suggest that the student teachers’ unethical professional behavior tendencies scale is a useful instrument for assessing student teachers’ unethical professional behaviors in China.

Parenting styles are considered to have an important influence on the development of individuals and have been associated with empathy. The present study aimed to investigate the self-reported different parenting styles in childhood and adolescence and associated cognitive and affective empathy among offenders. Men incarcerated in prison in Jiangsu Province in China were invited to participate. Each consenting participant was asked to complete the Parental Bonding Instrument to collect information regarding the parenting styles they experienced in childhood and adolescence and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index to evaluate their empathy. A multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the associations between different parenting styles and the empathy of offenders, and a one-way multivariate analysis of variance and a t-test were used to explore the differences in cognitive and affective empathy with different degrees of parenting styles. The parental care and control factors in childhood and adolescence were significantly more strongly associated with empathy among offenders than the parental encouragement factor. There were different associations between the parental care and control factors and offenders’ empathy depending on whether the parenting styles were consistent or inconsistent. When the parenting styles were consistent, different degrees of parental care had a significant predictive effect on cognitive and affective empathy, while different degrees of parental control were only significantly associated with affective empathy among the offenders. When the parenting styles were inconsistent, different degrees of paternal and maternal control were associated with cognitive and affective empathy among the offenders. Our findings suggest that not only different parenting styles experienced in childhood and adolescence had different predictive effects on empathy among offenders but also the degrees of parenting styles and whether the paternal and maternal parenting styles were consistent or inconsistent may affect the patterns of parenting styles and empathy. Moreover, the parental control factor had a particular influence on empathy among the offenders. Our findings underscore the pressing need for adopting preventive monitoring measures or developing policies to improve parenting styles.

Background and purposeThis study aimed to analyze the feasibility and safety of endovascular therapy (EVT) in patients with acute posterior circulation stroke and vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD).Materials and methodsBASILAR was a national prospective registry of consecutive patients with symptomatic and imaging-confirmed acute stroke in the posterior circulation within 24 h of symptom onset. We evaluated EVT feasibility and safety in patients with VBD. Primary outcomes included improvement in modified Rankin Scale scores (mRS) at 90 days and mortality within 90 days. The secondary outcome was the rate of favorable functional outcome, defined as mRS ≤ 3 (indicating independent ambulation) at 90 days. Safety outcomes included surgery-related complications and other serious adverse events.ResultsA total of 534 cases were included: 159 with VBD and 375 controls. No significant difference in mRS at 90 days was found between groups, but patients with VBD had a higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score [30 (19–33) vs. 25 (15–32)] and were older [65 (59–74) vs. 63 (55–72) year]. After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in baseline NIHSS score between the two groups, and the efficacy and safety of EVT were similar between patients with or without VBD. Furthermore, the prognostic effect of puncture-to-recanalization time on the probability of mortality within 90 days in EVT-treated patients with VBD was significant {adjusted odds ratio, 1.008 [95% confidence interval (1.001–1.015)]}.ConclusionEndovascular therapy is safe and feasible in patients with acute posterior circulation stroke and VBD. The puncture-to-recanalization time is important for predicting the prognosis of EVT-treated patients with VBD.

ObjectivesAimed to analyze the mediating effect of executive function between physical activity level and trait anxiety in college students.MethodsThe International Physical Activity Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Stroop task, 1-back task, and More-odd shifting task were used to analyze 248 college students.ResultsTrait anxiety were significantly correlated with shifting function (r = 0.182, P = 0.004) and inhibition function (r = 0.163, P = 0.010) and not with working memory (r = 0.056, P = 0.385). Vigorous physical activity (VPA) was most highly correlated with inhibition function (Beta = −0.144, P = 0.024) and working memory (Beta = −0.208, P = 0.001), and light physical activity (LPA) was most highly correlated with shifting function (Beta = −0.211, P = 0.001). Physical activity had a 72.31% association with trait anxiety (B = −0.195), with 11.79% mediated by inhibition function (B = −0.023) and 15.90% by shifting function (B = −0.031).ConclusionCollege students' physical activity promotes both inhibition and shifting functions, which in turn affect trait anxiety. VPA had a direct effect, while the effect of moderate physical activity (MPA) and LPA was completely mediated exclusively through executive functions, and the mediating effect of shifting function was the highest. It is recommended that college workers should motivate students with high trait anxiety to engage in more VPA and pay attention to changes in their inhibition and shifting functions.

From a historical materialist perspective, the evolution of U.S. trade control policies toward China has been driven by the pursuit of economic and geopolitical interests. However, beyond material considerations, these policies also intersect with deeper ethical, philosophical, and even theological questions regarding justice, sovereignty, and the moral dimensions of economic power. Trade restrictions, embargoes, and economic coercion raise profound issues of fairness, global responsibility, and the ethical implications of economic warfare, particularly in the context of international relations shaped by ideological and religious worldviews. Following World War II, the United States sought to consolidate global hegemony, using economic control as a key instrument in its Cold War strategy against the Soviet Union and socialist nations. Prior to the Korean War, U.S. policymakers attempted to manipulate trade relations to weaken Sino-Soviet ties, allowing limited trade between capitalist nations and China. However, after China’s involvement in the Korean War, the U.S. imposed increasingly stringent trade controls, culminating in a full embargo. This policy, while aimed at restricting China’s economic development, ultimately conflicted with America’s own ideological commitment to free trade and triggered dissent among allies such as Britain and Japan. The subsequent partial relaxation of trade controls under the Eisenhower administration in 1954 highlighted the contradictions between economic self-interest, Cold War ideology, and the ethical rhetoric of global economic liberalism. By framing these developments within a broader philosophical and religious discourse, this study explores the ethical dimensions of trade policy, drawing from Christian, Confucian, and Islamic perspectives on economic justice, fairness, and moral responsibility in global commerce. It argues that trade control policies should not be examined solely as instruments of power but also as moral choices that shape international justice, human welfare, and ethical economic governance. Future research should further investigate how religious and philosophical traditions inform perspectives on economic sanctions, trade ethics, and the moral responsibilities of nations in a rapidly evolving global order.

The study of the emotion-inducing function of music education is an important part of the basic theoretical research of music education, which influences the positioning of the basic nature and value attributes of music education, and at the same time, it also plays a practical role in the teaching practice of music education. In this paper, music education plays the role of “healthy psychology” with the help of the characteristic of “emotionality”. It takes music as a means of inducing individual emotions, and explores the ways of inducing and measuring emotions in specific music emotion-inducing operations. In the experimental process of inducing emotions by European religious music, the non-linear and non-smooth EEG signals were decomposed into a series of eigenmodal functions with different oscillation frequencies using the empirical modal decomposition adaptively. Then, multi-dimensional information such as waveform difference, phase difference, and normalized energy of the eigenmodal functions are extracted as emotional features. Based on the extracted features, SVM is utilized for emotion recognition. In terms of the mean values of emotion evoking intensity of religious music, “sense of calm” (M=5.51) evoked the highest intensity, followed by “sense of transcendence” (M=5.4). “Nostalgia” (M=5.13) evoked a slightly weaker intensity, and ‘Power’ (M=4.26) had the lowest intensity, while religious music evoked significantly more emotions than secular music (p.