Desh Raj Sirswal

भारतीय समाज मूल्यप्रधान समाज है. भारतीय संस्कृति में मूल्यों को मनुष्य के सामाजिक, राजनैतिक और धार्मिक जीवन में विशेष स्थान दिया गया है क्योंकि मूल्यों के वास्तवीकरण का नाम ही संस्कृति है. वर्तमान समय में विज्ञान ने जहाँ मनुष्य को भौतिक सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध कराने के लिए प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में अविष्कारों के ढेर लगा दिए हैं ,वहां उसके जीवन में एक खोखलापन भी उत्त्पन्न कर दिया है. ऐसे में समाज, देश और अपने स्वयं के जीवन में उसने मानव मूल्यों को तिलांजली दे दी है. मानव जीवन की सार्थकता तभी है जब वह श्रेष्ठ भावनाएं रखे. हम एक लोकतान्त्रिक समाज का हिस्सा हैं जहाँ पर हम आपसी भाई-चारे, न्याय, समान अधिकार और स्वतन्त्रता का हिमायती बनने का नाटक करते हैं. संविधान में दिए गये मूल्यों की प्राप्ति से पहले हमें व्यक्ति के जीवन और समाज का भी मुआयना करना होगा तभी हम श्रेष्ठ मूल्यों को समाज में स्थापित कर सकते हैं. मूल्य, व्यक्ति की सामाजिक विरासत का एक अंग होता है इसलिए मूल्यों की व्यवस्था मानव आस्तित्व के विभिन्न स्तरों या आयामों में व्यक्ति के अनुकूलन की प्रक्रिया का मार्गदर्शन करती है. नैतिक मूल्य व्यक्ति के जीवन के साथ साथ समाज को भी उत्कृष्टता की तरफ अग्रसर करते हैं. इस शोध-पत्र का मुख्य उद्देश्य नैतिक मूल्यों के व्यक्ति के जीवन और वर्तमान भारतीय समाज में उपयोगिता का अध्ययन करना है.

‘What am I’ is the question which is generally asked and answered differently , since the history of thought. It is related to one’s identity, so everyone gives different answer according to their personal history, physical features and circumstances. For Hume self is neither a body, nor a mind, nor a combination of both, nor an unknown substance as some thinkers generally say and defend. It is only a series of experiences, a strew of feelings, sensations, desires, thoughts, beliefs etc After that he considers the problem of personal identity by adopting the classical exposition of the positivist’s theory of personal identity. It is the view of those thinkers, who adopted sceptical view and also think that the idea of self can be described in the empirical or linguistic formula. It is common to all positivist that they think self is an abstraction from the facts with no ontological status of its own.

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher interested in pleasure or pursuit of it more than other ideals. He said, "No pleasure in itself is a bad thing, but the things that produce certain pleasures involve disturbances many times greater than the pleasures themselves." Epicurus tells us that the knowledge of which pleasures are good for us is wisdom. While this sometimes led to a negative view of his philosophy, in many regions of the world today the reality is that his thinking has been very advanced and developed, leading to his ideas becoming highly influential in modern thought. His simple philosophies of avoiding pain, living a simple life, and learning has made much of his philosophy appealing and influential. An important Indian philosophy called "Charvaka" is that this world is the only reality. Out of the four human values — Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha — they advocate the pursuit of karma only, and Artha merely as a means of facilitating the purpose. For Charvaka, the goal of human life is to achieve the maximum amount of pleasure in this life and to avoid as much pain as possible. Good life is the most enjoyable life. Good action is one that leads to a balance of pleasure, and bad action is one that causes more pain than pleasure. Today, consumerism is pervasive, the real spirit for any developing economy is to develop consumerism-driven products and marketing practices, and it is inevitable that the interests of consumers in general will be safeguarded. Consumerism believes that personal well-being and happiness depends to a very large extent on the level of personal consumption, in particular on the purchase of material goods. The idea is not simply that well-being depends on a standard of living above a certain threshold, but that consumption and material possessions are at the center of happiness. It is an attempt of this paper to see the relationship between these philosophies and to try to find common characteristics that lead man to live a happy and satisfying life.

My research work title is “A Philosophical Study of the Concept of Mind (with special reference to Rene Descartes, David Hume and Gilbert Ryle).” In this study we have discussed three conceptions of mind presented by Rene Descartes, David Hume and Gilbert Ryle. All the three thinkers are related to different philosophical traditions known as Rationalism, Empiricism and Analytical Philosophy respectively. Each of these various approaches can be seen as at least partly successful, each provides answers to questions regarded as especially pressing, each apparently solved certain problems. Notoriously, however, each leaves unanswered and unsolved a host of distinct problems as well.

Social change is a structural transformation of political, social and economic systems and institutions to create a more equitable and just society and it is a universal phenomenon and it occurs in every society. Technically said that social change refers to an alteration in the social order of a social group or society; a change in the nature, social institutions, social behaviours or social relations of a society. As we know Change is inevitable and it takes place in all fields. The term “social change” is often used to describe variations in, or, modifications of any respect of social process, social patterns, social interaction or social organization. Great thinkers emerged from various societies induce social change in different times.

The present book is the revised version of my Ph.D. Thesis “A Philosophical Study of the Concept of Mind (with special reference to Rene Descartes, David Hume and Gilbert Ryle)”. I have selected three thinkers Rene Descartes, David Hume and Gilbert Ryle to discuss their ideas on the nature of mind. All the above thinkers have relevance in cognitive science and philosophy of mind by their conceptions about the mind and problems they have raised. We have used analysis as a methodology of this work and concluded that we should adopt an integrated and collective approach of cognitive science to study the nature of mind. In the end of the book, glossary of the philosophy of mind also added, which terms frequently I used in this work.

First Session of Society for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (SPPIS), Haryana on the theme “The Contribution of Contemporary Indian Philosophy to World Philosophy” 30th June, 2012 Organizes by Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS), Milestone Education Society (Regd), Pehowa,(Kurukshetra)-136128 (HARYANA) Preface Part-I: Contemporary Indian Philosophers Swami Vivekananda’s response towards religious fanaticism Swami Vivekananda philosophises Easts in the West Four Yogas and the Uniqueness of Swami Vivekananda’s Philosophy The Ethics of Work-A study of Swamiji’s Karma-Yoga The Philosophy of Education in the Vision of Swami Vivekananda: A Brief Analysis Swami Vivekananda on Indian Culture Bhagat Singh as a Surefooted Revolutionary and His Verdure: A Foster- son of Colonialism SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY OF SAHEED BHAGAT SINGH Karma as the main way in Gītā : Revisiting Tilak’s contribution to world Philosophy Matter and Spirit: A True Reconciliation of Sri Aurobindo A STUDY OF ECONOMIC IDEAS OF GANDHI AND NEHRU Relevance of Gandhian Concept of Non-Violence in Today’s World Science, Biotechnology and Yoga: An Aurobindian Perspective Tagore’s Philosophy on Humanism Casteism, Social Security and Violation of Human Rights Part-II: General Themes Materialism in the Śāstravārtasamuccaya of Haribhadra Sūri Soul and Its Nature: Its Key Role and Impact in Development of Intellect in Man. Faith and Worship: Two fundamental Human Concepts Right System in Islam Introduction to Theravada Buddhist Meditation Annexures: Programme Organised Publications of the Centre Organizing Committee

Modern educational thoughts have made a powerful impact on civilized persons. The learner is a partner in the process of learning in our age. He is a disciple and is going to be a consumer as well as customer. There is a shift from education as a means of welfare and awareness to commercialization of education. In this background, Professional Ethics is partly comprised of what a professional should or should not do in the work -place. It also encompasses a much greater part of the professional’s life. If a professional is to have ethics then that person needs to adopt that conduct in all of his dealings. Another aspect of this is the enhancement of the profession and the industry within which the professional works. It concerns a professional’s conduct and behaviour while carrying out their professional work that is work for the good of the community and mankind. In this paper it is an attempt to draw out a relation between Professional Ethics and Morality.

David Hume discusses that human beings have no identical self in his book A Treatise of Human Nature. He says that self is not the subject of perception ; thought experiences itself and no need for such kind of idea like self. He adopted classical exposition of positivist theory with reference to the problem of personal identity. Hume adopted purely sceptical and empirical explanation and does not give any satisfactory solution for the problem of personal identity. Although, he opens new lines of thought and emphasizes that no system of thought is ultimate, nothing is better than the spirit of enquiry, which gave a great effect on modern era of thinking.

In this book we included 10 papers from academicians, teachers and research scholars on the philosophy of Sri Aurobindo that touches various aspects of his thoughts. The year-long celebrations to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Sri Aurobindo began from 15th August, 2021 in India and all over the world. This volume is also a part of this celebration. Before that we published a special volume of Milestone Education Review (The Journal of Ideas on Educational & Social Transformation) (ISSN: 2278-2168), Year 12 (01-02), October 2021 on “Philosophy of Sri Aurobindo”. The Department of Philosophy and the Department of Political Science of P.G. Govt. College, Sector-46, Chandigarh organised an One-Day National Seminar on “Relevance of Philosophy of Nationalism of Sri Aurobindo in Contemporary India” on 14th October, 2022 sponsored by Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR) New Delhi. This book is an outcome of that seminar.

Friends, welcome to the first page of Logic in India. It is for Indian students prepared for first paper entitled Principles of Logic in Diploma-in-Reasoning course of Department of Philosophy, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, where I taught four years. It is also beneficial for graduate students who have elementary logic course in their syllabus. Basically I used both printed books and internet sources to prepare it. You can find the course syllabus in my post “Philosophy is Nothing without Logic” at The Positive Philosophy page and also in the side links of this page. This is only a draft, kindly send your suggestions and ideas to [email protected] or [email protected], I shall be highly thankful to you. A short list of reference books are mentioned below of the Table of Contents and reference sites are linked with this page. This page introduces the basic conceptions of formal logic, informal logic and also Symbolic logic.

Karl Marx, in full Karl Heinrich Marx (born May 5, 1818, Trier and died March 14, 1883, London, England) was a philosopher, revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and economist. Marx and Freud have influenced life and literature in the twentieth century more deeply and extensively than the earlier great thinkers and scientists like Copernicus and Darwin influenced the life and literature in their own respective eras.. He published The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, anticapitalist works that form the basis of Marxism. It was Capital’s 150th anniversary in autumn 2017, the 170th anniversary of the Communist Manifesto will be in February 2018, and it would have been Karl Marx’s 200th birthday in May 2018. The Communist Party of the Philippines calls on all Filipino workers to start a year-long commemoration and celebration of Marx’s 200th birthday on May 5, 2018. The whole revolutionary movement must salute Karl Marx’ and Marxism’s great role in history and in the continuing world struggle for the emancipation of the proletariat and the entire humanity. This celebration is of great relevance to the working class, from politics to philosophy to academics as Karl Marx made a lasting imprint on the face of history. The Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS) has also an intention to commemorate the 200 years of Karl Marx by various activities including essay competition, seminar, special issues and books on this great thinker.

I have posted four my article published at different journals in India. This is an open resource to do our work well. GILBERRT RYLE ON DESCARTES’ MYTH Philosophical Mind Studies, Dec 13, 2010 (Published). Ryle’s Dispositional Analysis of Mind and its Relevance Philosophical Mind Studies, Dec 13, 2010 (Published). The Official Doctrine and its Relevance Today Philosophical Mind Studies, Dec 13, 2010 (Published). The Concept of the Self in David Hume and the Buddha Philosophical Mind Studies, Dec 13, 2010 (Published). Human Beings Have No Identical Self Philosophical Mind Studies, Dec 13, 2010 (Published).

We started the study of mind from the primitive views and discussed views of Orphic system, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Zeno, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle etc. then studies the conception of Thomas Aquinas and Francis Bacon. In modern times, when Descartes set out dualism of mind-body, it became a major area of interest for philosophers. Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Bradley and Dewey developed this according to their respective fields. But all attempts were mainly modification, rejection and criticism of Descartes dualism. From the Twentieth Century onwards analytical view dominated philosophy of mind. Russell, Wittgenstein and Gilbert Ryle attempted to describe the concept of mind on Humeanian line. In the present time we study the conception of mind according to cognitive science’s attempts to answer the nature of mind.

The book, “The Religious-Philosophical Dimensions” is the outcome of the second online session organized by Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS), Pehowa (Kurukshetra) with the theme “Development of Philosophy in India” held on 24th June, 2014. Indian philosophy is the name given to different philosophical thoughts that grew and developed on Indian soil. Philosophy in India has a very ancient origin. In fact, philosophical speculations started in India in the Vedic age itself. Freethinking sages of ancient India speculated independently about various fundamental questions relating to human life and its destiny. It also included philosophical speculations of all thinkers of India, whether ancient or modern. In this session our intention is to see the development of philosophy in India, all periods in general and 21st Century in particular.

Primary Works Hume, David(1997) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, from Philosophical Classics from Plato to Nietzsche, Ed. By Forrest E. Baired & Walter Kaufmann, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. ___________ (1978) A Treatise of Human Nature, Edited by L.A. Selby-Bigge Oxford University Press, London. :___________( 2006) The Understanding(Treatise :Book I), Ed. by Bennettt, Jonathan , The, Radical Academy, Link:http;//www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/humebig.pdf.Citation:20-10-2006 Flew, Antony(1962) Hume on Human Nature and the Understanding, Edi. ,Collier Books, New York.

गुरु नानक देवजी सिखों के पहले गुरु थे। अंधविश्वास और आडंबरों के कट्टर विरोधी गुरु नानक जी का जन्मदिन कार्तिक पूर्णिमा को मनाया जाता है हालांकि उनका जन्म 15 अप्रैल 1469 को हुआ था। गुरु नानक जी पंजाब के तलवंडी नामक स्थान पर एक किसान के घर जन्मे थे। तलवंडी जोकि पाकिस्तान के लाहौर से 30 मील पश्चिम में स्थित है, गुरु नानक का नाम साथ जुड़ने के बाद आगे चलकर ननकाना कहलाया। इतिहास के अनुसार वे सम्पूर्ण विश्व में भ्रमण करते रहे और लोगों को आडम्बर, भ्रम एवं अज्ञान से दूर कर उनका मार्गदर्शन करते रहे ताकि उनका परिचय ‘आत्मा’ और परमात्मा से हो सके एवं सर्वत्र प्रेम और भाईचारा प्रसारित हो सके, मानव और उनका समाज स्वस्थ रह सकें । उनके जीवन से जुड़े असंख्य प्रेरक प्रसंग हैं जो इन तथ्यों की सम्पूर्ण पुष्टि करते हैं । इस शोध-पत्र का मुख्य विषय गुरु नानक देव जी के मानवतावादी दर्शन का अध्ययन करना है ।

Identity is a concept that evolves over the course of life. Identity develops over time and can evolve, sometimes drastically; depending on what directions we take in our life. In the age of globalization, a human being is more aware than old times regarding his community, social and national affairs. A person who identifies himself as part of a particular political party, of a particular faith, and who sees himself as upper-middle class, might discover that in later age, he's a very different person. Perhaps he's no longer interested in politics, he's changed his religion, and he's living on less money than when he was in his younghood. Any variation is possible during a person's life span. Religious Identity: A person's religious identity is the name of the religion that they identify themselves with. In this society people want to know, "What religion are you?" Generally they expect a one-word answer with the name of a religion that expresses their religious identity. A person might say they are a Buddhist - or a Christian - or a Jew - or a Muslim - or a Hindu. These are examples of religious identities. Recent developments in the field of social sciences in general and sociology in particular suggest a gradual tendency towards revival of interest on the issue of religion and identity. It is plausible that religion and identity may be positively correlated. The link between religion and identity can be contextualized through the exploration of the self. Identity Politics: Identity politics is a political style that focuses on the issues relevant to various groups defined by a wide variety of shared characteristics, including, but not limited to, race, social class, religion, sex, gender, ethnicity, ideology, nationality, sexual orientation, gender expression, culture, currency, shared history, medical conditions, profession, and other of the many ways in which people differ from each other, and into which they may be classified or classify themselves. This concept played an important role in shaping social and national sphere. Social Justice: Social justice denotes the equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction based on caste, colour, race, religion, sex and so on. It means absence of privileges being extended to any particular section of the society, and improvement in the conditions of backward classes (SCs, STs, and OBCs) and women. Social Justice is the foundation stone of Indian Constitution. Indian Constitution makers were well known to the use and minimality of various principles of justice. Social justice found useful for everyone in its kind and flexible form. Although social justice is not defined anywhere in the constitution but it is an ideal element of feeling which is a goal of constitution. Feeling of social justice is a form of relative concept that is changeable by the time, circumstances, culture and ambitions of the people. Social inequalities of India expect solution equally. Under Indian Constitution the use of social justice is accepted in wider sense, which includes social and economical justice both. The major objective of this paper is to critical analyze all the above mentioned conceptions and see their relation with reference to a national character building as the present scenario of India showed a identity crisis between individual’s religious identity and secular objectives of the constitutions. The negative effect of the identity politics ruin ideal nation’s character and negatively affects the concept of social justice too. For a better nation we should a balanced state of affairs where every citizen has a space to develop him/her self and a motivation to contribute in development of India. Note : This is submitted for a Three-Day Philosophy Teachers' Meet of North-Western Zone sponsored by ICPR, New Delhi to be organized by the Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar on 29th to 31st Dec. 2015 with the theme "The Crisis of Multiple Identities in Contemporary World"

Philosophy is a way of being in the world of questions, interacting with it, and responding to it. Human mind is an ongoing dialogue about the topics of philosophy such as good and evil, right and wrong, truth and falsity, appearance and reality. Education refers to an act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, physical ability of an individual. Values are whatever an individual desires, prefers and likes. In context of present education system moral, cultural and spiritual values should be preferred. New Education Policy of India should be built on the foundation of ancient spiritualistic, modern culture and technical sophistication. It should develop scientific temper and spirit of inquiry in the students also. The present work entitled, “Philosophy, Education and Indian Value System” is an attempt to relate philosophy, education and values at the same ground, so that they can perform the conception of complete education. Here we have three chapters i.e. (i) Philosophy and Values in School Education of India, Sri Aurobindo’s Philosophy of Education and Spiritual Approach to Education: An Indian Experience, respectively. I would like to thank my students and colleagues of Milestone Education Society (Regd.) Pehowa for their full time support and corporation in our educational programmes.

History and Objectives SPPIS is working on independent pages since 2008 but formally it came into existence from July 10, 2010. And it has already started several pages to promote its workings. And with the help of Milestone Education Society, Pehowa it set up a Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CSPPIS), Pehowa (Kurukshetra) . OBJECTIVES OF THE SOCIETY In accordance with the above considerations a new Society for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies indicated areas of priority in research, such as Meta-Philosophy, Indian Psychology, Indian Logic, Applied Ethics, Indian Cultural Values and their relevance to a national reconstruction has been conceived.

The Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS) Pehowa (Kurukshetra) celebrates World Philosophy Day every year via events or publication etc. This time we invited original, scholarly, and unpublished short articles/ideas from research scholars, teachers and academicians on the given sub-themes like Nature of Philosophy, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Logic, Aesthetics, Social Philosophy , Political Philosophy, Environmental Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mind, Indian Psychology, Dalit Studies, Women Studies, Philosophical Counseling, Yoga and Mental Health, Philosophical Systems and Research Methods etc. We received several entries related to this call for paper. In this collection we are going to publish some selected entries.

The aim of this book is to give an analysis of a positive attitude towards philosophical problems in which we leave religious and metaphysical speculations and only consider practical problems. The motive is to achieve an intellectual detachment from all philosophical systems, and not to solve specific philosophical problems, but to become sensitively aware of what it is we do, when we philosophize. Abstraction without relevance to life and living in high sounding is nothing, but leading to darkness. The usefulness of any subject lies in its lying servant of practice. Because of philosophy’s closeness to life, living should be a part of scheme of education relevant to anyone. Philosophy will provide the ways to acquire knowledge and good behavioral patterns. The present status of philosophy as a useful discipline is in doubt. This paper explained some reasons for this. Here is a basic need of such healthy and positive attitude for philosophical inquiry, which is only concerned with the problems of human life, and related to ordinary course of living. I have used the term Positive Philosophy for this. Philosophy should be creative and practical, that is the exigency of modern society. Philosophy affects Social Sciences and Humanities from hundreds of year. We should think about the implication of philosophical methods in Social Sciences and Humanities. So, we should ready to give new dimensions and do best innovations in this area which have more relevance and implications in this millennium and in future.