Juan Fernández

The emergence of smart destinations (SDs) as a new planning and management approach for tourist destinations adopts sustainability as a crucial part of its agenda. Indicators are a fundamental tool for destinations in their progress towards a more sustainable development of tourism and the application of sustainable tourism principles and policies in real contexts. This chapter introduces some novelties in the dialectic between smart destinations and sustainability. In order to incorporate tourists in the analysis and progress of the sustainability of SDs, it is necessary to evaluate and measure tourists’ level of commitment, attitude, knowledge, and behavior regarding sustainability. This is defined as a novel concept called sustainable intelligence within the framework recently named smart sustainability.The relationship between SDs and sustainable tourism indicators has been extensively studied, but there is a lack of information regarding the incorporation of tourists themselves as a factor from the perspective of sustainability and its measurement through indicators. Considering this gap in the literature, we propose “Indicators of Tourists’ Sustainable Intelligence” as a fundamental tool in the incorporation of tourists in the progress towards the sustainability of SDs. Recent literature defines tourists’ sustainable intelligence as the ability of tourists to apply their experiences and knowledge regarding the effects of tourism on the environment in which it is practiced, developing proactive behaviors towards sustainable tourism, from the perspective of both consumption and production. From a statistical perspective, sustainable intelligence is a latent variable (not directly observable); therefore, it has to be quantified by indirect indicators, which, to a greater or lesser degree, are related to the latent variable. This chapter presents the results of a two-round Delphi survey conducted into expert opinion on the development of Indicators of Tourists’ Sustainable Intelligence to define and measure the different tourist sustainable intelligence dimensions, related to the commitment, attitude, knowledge, and behavior of tourists with sustainability. This useful tool incorporates the demand perspective for the sustainable management of SDs as a key factor in the move towards sustainability.

The aim of this chapter is to improve our understanding of how tourism businesses behave in the context of mature tourist destinations, by grouping tourism businesses into homogeneous segments and identifying which factors explain willingness to pay when using certain tax instruments in each of these segments. The revenue raised by these tax instruments provides the funds needed to develop policies that improve both the sustainability and competitiveness of the destination. The case study presented in this chapter was carried out in Andalusia, a well-established, mass tourist destination in southern Spain that is largely unsustainable. As part of our analysis, we conducted 916 surveys of Andalusian tourism businesses. We then applied a two-step cluster analysis, identifying for each segment which variables explain a willingness to pay proposed taxes. Out of the three clusters identified, the variables “business size,” “activity,” and “turnover” yielded the greatest discriminatory power.

The multilinear extension of a cooperative game was introduced by Owen in 1972. In this contribution we study the Lovász extension for cooperative games by using the marginal worth vectors and the dividends. First, we prove a formula for the marginal worth vectors with respect to compatible orderings. Next, we consider the direct market generated by a game. This model of utility function, proposed by Shapley and Shubik in 1969, is the concave biconjugate extension of the game. Then we obtain the following characterization: The utility function of a market game is the Lovász extension of the game if and only if the market game is supermodular. Finally, we present some preliminary problems about the relationship between cooperative games and combinatorial optimization.

We propose a characterization of mathematical experiments in terms of a setup, a process with an outcome, and an interpretation. Using a broad notion of process, this allows us to consider arithmetic calculations and geometric constructions as components of mathematical experiments. Moreover, we argue that mathematical experiments should be considered within a broader context of an experimental research project. Finally, we present a particular case study of the genesis of a geometric construction to illustrate the experimental use of hand drawings and computers in mathematical practice.

The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of past traumatic war experiences on preadolescents in the Gaza Strip, which could be useful for psychological intervention with current and future child victims. Participants were 521 preadolescents from United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) schools, aged 11 and 13 years old. Sections I to IV from Iraqi Version-Arabic of Harvard Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess trauma experiences and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The results show that the preadolescents in the Gaza Strip witnessed the destruction of their homes and the murder of family members and friends. A quarter of the individuals assessed either suffered torture or witnessed others undergoing it, including sexual assaults. Almost half of them experienced a lack of food and clean water. The traumatic and torture experiences seriously affected preadolescents’ mental health as 26.29% met criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD. The data analysis revealed two PTSD modalities, with the severity of impact depending on whether social implications were involved. Further research is required to check whether these two modalities fit to PTSD and complex PTSD. Understanding the effects of past wars on preadolescents in Gaza and distinguishing between different PTSD types could enhance comprehension of the impacts of current attacks on child victims. It can also aid in determining the type of intervention needed to minimize the impact on the mental health of Palestinian youth, enhancing their resilience through psychological and social support.