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85Limits on risks for healthy volunteers in biomedical researchTheoretical Medicine and Bioethics 33 (2): 137-149. 2012.Healthy volunteers in biomedical research often face significant risks in studies that offer them no medical benefits. The U.S. federal research regulations and laws adopted by other countries place no limits on the risks that these participants face. In this essay, I argue that there should be some limits on the risks for biomedical research involving healthy volunteers. Limits on risk are necessary to protect human participants, institutions, and the scientific community from harm. With the ex…Read more
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59Protection of human subjects and scientific progress: Can the two be reconciled?Hastings Center Report 36 (1): 4-9. 2006.
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21Review of Gene Transfer and the Ethics of First-in-Human Research (review)Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 5 (1). 2011.
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29Direct-to-Consumer Genomics, Social Networking, and ConfidentialityAmerican Journal of Bioethics 9 (6-7): 45-46. 2009.No abstract
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47Human Health and the Environment: In Harmony or in Conflict? (review)Health Care Analysis 17 (3): 261-276. 2009.Health policy frameworks usually construe environmental protection and human health as harmonious values. Policies that protect the environment, such as pollution control and pesticide regulation, also benefit human health. In recent years, however, it has become apparent that promoting human health sometimes undermines environmental protection. Some actions, policies, or technologies that reduce human morbidity, mortality, and disease can have detrimental effects on the environment. Since human…Read more
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55Fair Drug Prices and the Patent SystemHealth Care Analysis 12 (2): 91-115. 2004.This paper uses John Rawls' theory of justice to defend the patent system against charges that it has an unfair effect on access to medications, from the perspective of national and international justice. The paper argues that the patent system is fair in a national context because it respects intellectual property rights and it benefits the least advantaged members of society by providing incentives for inventors, investors, and entrepreneurs. The paper also argues that the patent system is fai…Read more
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36Research ethics consultation at the national institute of environmental health sciencesAmerican Journal of Bioethics 8 (3). 2008.This Article does not have an abstract
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3Conflicts of Interest at the NIH: No Easy Solution (review)Hastings Center Report 35 (1): 18-20. 2012.Editor's Note: On February 2, 2005, the National Institutes of Health changed course on conflicts of interest and prohibited its scientists from owning stock in or working as consultants with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies. The following essay, sent to press before the new policy was announced, recommends a very different approach. The author stands by the recommendations.
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106Genetic modification and genetic determinismPhilosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 1 9. 2006.In this article we examine four objections to the genetic modification of human beings: the freedom argument, the giftedness argument, the authenticity argument, and the uniqueness argument. We then demonstrate that each of these arguments against genetic modification assumes a strong version of genetic determinism. Since these strong deterministic assumptions are false, the arguments against genetic modification, which assume and depend upon these assumptions, are therefore unsound. Serious dis…Read more
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18Practical problems with family covenants in genetic testingAmerican Journal of Bioethics 1 (3). 2001.This Article does not have an abstract
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30Bioethical issues in providing financial incentives to research participantsMedicolegal and Bioethics 35. forthcoming.
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58The conflict between ethics and business in community pharmacy: What about patient counseling? (review)Journal of Business Ethics 28 (2). 2000.Patient counseling is a cornerstone of ethical pharmacy practice and high quality pharmaceutical care. Counseling promotes patient compliance with prescription regimens and prevents dangerous drug interactions and medication errors. Counseling also promotes informed consent and protects pharmacists against legal risks. However, economic, social, and technological changes in pharmacy practice often force community pharmacists to choose between their professional obligations to counsel patients an…Read more
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17Practical and Political Problems With a Global Research TaxAmerican Journal of Bioethics 10 (6): 44-45. 2010.
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50Authorship policies of scientific journals: Table 1Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (3): 199-202. 2016.
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64Scientific autonomy and public oversightEpisteme 5 (2). 2008.When scientific research collides with social values, science's right to self-governance becomes an issue of paramount concern. In this article, I develop an account of scientific autonomy within a framework of public oversight. I argue that scientific autonomy is justified because it promotes the progress of science, which benefits society, but that restrictions on autonomy can also be justified to prevent harm to people, society, or the environment, and to encourage beneficial research. I also…Read more
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59Ethical Issues in Field Trials of Genetically Modified Disease-Resistant MosquitoesDeveloping World Bioethics 12 (3): 37-46. 2012.Mosquito-borne diseases take a tremendous toll on human populations, especially in developing nations. In the last decade, scientists have developed mosquitoes that have been genetically modified to prevent transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, and field trials have been conducted. Some mosquitoes have been rendered infertile, some have been equipped with a vaccine they transmit to humans, and some have been designed to resist diseases. This article focuses on ethical issues raised by field t…Read more
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13What Are Reasonably Foreseeable Risks?American Journal of Bioethics 13 (12): 29-30. 2013.No abstract
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11Making Sense of the Undue Burden Interpretation of Minimal RiskAmerican Journal of Bioethics 14 (9): 1-2. 2014.No abstract
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19International Biomedical Research and Research Ethics Training in Developing CountriesJournal of Clinical Research and Bioethics 1 (1). 2010.
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38Review of Rethinking the Ethics of Clinical Research (review)Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 7 (1). 2013.This is a review of Alan Wertheimer's Rethinking the Ethics of Clinical Research.
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17Industry‐Sponsored Research: Secrecy versus Corporate ResponsibilityBusiness and Society Review 99 (1): 31-34. 1998.
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302The Moral Significance of the Therapy-Enhancement Distinction in Human GeneticsCambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 9 (3): 365-377. 2000.The therapy-enhancement distinction occupies a central place in contemporary discussions of human genetics and has been the subject of much debate. At a recent conference on gene therapy policy, scientists predicted that within a few years researchers will develop techniques that can be used to enhance human traits. In thinking about the morality of genetic interventions, many writers have defended somatic gene therapy, and some have defended germline gene therapy, but only a handful of writers …Read more
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19Reopening Old DivisionsAmerican Journal of Bioethics 11 (6). 2011.The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 6, Page 19-21, June 2011
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57The patient's duty to adhere to prescribed treatment: An ethical analysisJournal of Medicine and Philosophy 30 (2). 2005.This article examines the ethical basis for the patient's duty to adhere to the physician's treatment prescriptions. The article argues that patients have a moral duty to adhere to the physician's treatment prescriptions, once they have accepted treatment. Since patients still retain the right to refuse medical treatment, their duty to adhere to treatment prescriptions is a prima facie duty, which can be overridden by their other ethical duties. However, patients do not have the right to refuse …Read more
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3Review of Alexander Rosenberg: The Structure of Biological Science (review)British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38 (1): 119-121. 1987.
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35Criteria for Authorship in BioethicsAmerican Journal of Bioethics 11 (10). 2011.Multiple authorship is becoming increasingly common in bioethics research. There are well-established criteria for authorship in empirical bioethics research but not for conceptual research. It is important to develop criteria for authorship in conceptual publications to prevent undeserved authorship and uphold standards of fairness and accountability. This article explores the issue of multiple authorship in bioethics and develops criteria for determining who should be an author on a conceptual…Read more
Areas of Specialization
Applied Ethics |
Philosophy of Biology |
General Philosophy of Science |