Ivana Zagorac

Osnovna nakana teksta je ukazati na neke bitne momente u filozofijskom tematiziranju senzibiliteta. Unutar tog pokušaja se izdvaja razdoblje prosvjetiteljstva koje se pak oslanja na specifično čitanje kartezijanske misli kroz empirizam engleske provenijencije. Jean-Jacques Rousseau je prepoznat kao ključna figura ‘doba senzibiliteta’ te će njegova konstrukcija senzibilnog čovjeka biti posebno detaljno razmotrena. Zaključno se naslijeđe povijesnih, a posebno istaknuto Rousseauovih, čitanja senzibilne sfere čovjekove prirode kontekstualizira unutar aktualnih rasprava te se pronalaze moguća uporišta za tezu o suvremenoj rehabilitaciji senzibiliteta.The aim of this text is to point out some of the relevant moments in philosophical approaches to the topic of sensibility. In that attempt, a period of Enlightenment is emphasized, with its specific reading of Cartesian thought through empiricism of English provenance. Jean-Jacques Rousseau poses as a key figure of the ‘Age of Sensibility’, and his construction of the sensible man is especially closely examined. Last part of the text contextualizes heritage of historical and philosophical readings of human nature, primarily the one of Rousseau, into modern debates. Consequently, possible footholds for the thesis of modern rehabilitation of sensibility are established

Der Unterschied zwischen einem Spitzensportler früher und heute tritt an den Berührungspunkten zwischen der Kyborg-Theorie und verschiedenen Sportstudien am deutlichsten zutage. Eine Rekonzeptualisierung des Begriffs ,Sportler’ erweist sich demnach als eine Sinnerweiterung von ,natürlich’ zu ,künstlich’. Im Laufe der Geschichte wurden Spitzensportler stets als irgendwie ,un-natürlich’ empfunden und als Helden gefeiert, die die Beschränkungen ihres natürlichen Körpers überwanden. Sportveranstaltungen ziehen heute mehr Zuschauer in ihren Bann, als dies früher jemals der Fall war, und durch die scharfe Konkurrenz werden auch die Standards und Kriterien von Sportwettkämpfen angehoben. Vor einem Massenpublikum stattfindende Sportveranstaltungen haben sich schon längst zu Freak Shows gewandelt, bei denen den Zuschauern in den Stadien oder vor den Bildschirmen zu Hause unvorstellbar ist, dass sie je selbst einen so muskulösen Körper mit superschnellen Reflexen besitzen könnten. Das alte Schlagwort von „Blut, Schweiß und Tränen” besteht auch weiterhin, wenn auch eingebunden in die zukunftsträchtigen Errungenschaften der modernen Techno-Kultur. Die vielzähligen Fragen, die sich aus einer solchen Perspektive ergeben, haben in einem relativ neuen Zugang zu den Herausforderungen des biotechnologischen Zeitalters ihre Plattform gefunden – in der Bioethik. Die Bioethik bietet ein Diskussionsforum für die wichtigsten uns heute bewegenden Fragen, für einen Dialog, der über disziplin- und fachgebundene, historische und kulturologische Positionen hinausgeht. Ein solcher Diskurs sieht sich jedoch sowohl in den unterschiedlichen Ansätzen als auch in den methodologischen Barrieren mit einem Pluralismus konfrontiert und erfordert als Voraussetzung eine entsprechende theoretische Grundlage. In diesem Artikel werden nur einige Problempunkte hervorgehoben, die sich im Bereich des Sports infolge der Unzulänglichkeiten der bestehenden monoperspektivisch orientierten Konzeptionen auf eine plastische Weise abzeichnen. In diesem Sinne verweist die Verfasserin auf einige wenige Symptome, die auf eigentümliche Weise im Sport zum Vorschein kommen und die Desorientiertheit im Alltag sichtbar machen: Gemeint ist die Fragilität ethischer Positionen, die in den Konzepten von „Sportsgeist” und Fairplay enthalten sind und sich gegen den wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritt, die Verobjektierung des Körpers und ein gesteigertes Interesse an risikoreichen Aktivitäten behaupten müssen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die angeführten Merkmale als Zeichen des Bedürfnisses verstanden, die bis vor kurzem noch vorherrschenden, reduktionistischen und monoperspektivischen Ansätze zu überwinden, zumal mithilfe der Bioethik, der diesbezüglich besonders gute Chancen nachgesagt werden

It seems that the revitalisation of Fritz Jahr’s thought has come just at the right time. During the course of its rapid development, bioethics managed to assume different forms, but also to become both reduced in its underlying intention and hyper-specialised in its theoretical and practical aspects. Summed up in his bioethical imperative, Fritz Jahr’s thought prompts us to re-examine both its underlying intention and its field of interest. Accordingly, this paper centres on Jahr’s bioethical imperative, its origins, construction and implications, aiming to scrutinise Jahr’s original thought and his message within the contemporary discourse on bioethics in general and that on integrative bioethics in particular. The latter is examined only in its outlines, leaving room for a possible upgrade. Lastly, the paper looks at the Rijeka Declaration as a document that represents an attempt to both conceptually and methodologically transform contemporary bioethics within the context of Jahr’s thought.*

The differences between the image of top athletes in history and those today could meet at the intersection between cyborg theory and sport studies. The reconceptualisation of athletes could at first be viewed as a shift from the “natural” to the “artificial”. Throughout history top athletes have always been considered to be somehow unnatural, and have always been celebrated as heroes who have overcome the boundaries of their natural bodies. Today’s sports events have been attracting more viewers than ever before, and tough competition has been raising the very standards of competition. High attendance sports are already freak shows; whether from the comfort of their homes or from the grandstands, it is difficult for sport supporters to imagine themselves sculpting such a super-muscular body with super-fast reflexes. Old-fashioned blood, sweat and tears are still present somewhere, although they are incorporated into the advanced achievements of the modern techno-culture. A number of the issues raised from this perspective have found room for discussion in the relatively new pluri-perspectival approach to the challenges of the biotechnological era – in bioethics. Bioethics offers a platform for a dialogue on the key questions of today’s world, a dialogue that surpasses disciplinary, expert, historical and cultural positions. However, any such discourse is facing a pluralism of approaches and methodological barriers, and presupposes the existence of adequate theoretical grounds. This paper highlights only some of the problem points that plastically outline the insufficiencies of the existing mono-perspectively guided conceptions in the field of sport. Accordingly, the authoress emphasises only some of the symptoms that point to the disorientedness of everyday life, which is portrayed in sport in a rather peculiar way: the fragility of the ethical positions contained in the concepts of the “spirit of sport” and fair play in facing the developments of science and technology, the objectification of the body, and an increase in the people’s interest in high-risk activities. The authoress views these traits as signs of the need to transcend the until recently prevalent reductionistic and mono-perspectival approaches, which the distinctive bioethical approach can indeed do

Traganja za dušom i duševnošću motivirala su filozofe na stvaranje koncepcija raznolikog spektra tumačenja. Možemo li spoznati dušu, možemo li definirati duševnost, što bi to zapravo bilo i postoje li takve kategorije koje bi uopće mogle biti predmetom spoznaje, pitanja su na koja nailazimo i u filozofskoj misli Pavla Vuk-Pavlovića.Ishodište njegove filozofije jest doživljaj kao mjesto preplitanja gnoseoloških, ontoloških i etičkih problema te pristup fenomenu doživljaja gradi na kritičkom prevladavanju neokantovskih i pozitivističkih strujanja. Iz kompleksnosti razumijevanja doživljaja iščitavamo specifičnost jedinstva svjesnosti kao subjektivne i predmetnosti kao objektivne komponente doživljaja, njihove složene međuodnose koji produciraju i originalnu filozofsku teoriju pluralizma svjetova te se na kraju pitaju i o mogućnosti filozofije kao takve.Searching for the soul and spirituality has been motivating philosophers to create conceptions of diverse interpretations. Can we gain insight into the soul, can we define spirituality, what is spirituality as a matter of fact and are there such categories that could be the subject of insight – are all questions that we come across in the philosophical thoughts of Pavao Vuk-Pavlović.Experience, as the locus of interlacement between gnoseological, ontological and ethical problems, is where he starts his philosophy. He builds his approach to the phenomenon of experience upon a critical transcendence over the Neo-Kantian and positivistic currents. It is from the complexity of his understanding of experience that we can read out the specific quality of the unity between one’s consciousness – as the subjective component – and the object of one’s experience – as the objective component of experience – their complex interrelations that also give rise to his original philosophical theory of the pluralism of worlds and, finally, investigate the capabilities of philosophy as such

La différence entre la représentation d’un sportif de haut niveau, telle qu’elle a pu l’être par le passé et telle qu’elle est aujourd’hui, se précise peut-être le mieux au carrefour des théories du cyborg et du sport. La reconceptualisation de la notion de « sportif » évolue dans le sens du « naturel » vers « l’artificel ». Au cours de l’histoire humaine, les sportifs de haut niveau ont toujours été perçus comme, dans une certaine mesure, « non naturels » et ont été célébrés comme des héros dépassant les limites de leur propre corps. Les événements sportifs actuels attirent plus de spectateurs que jamais, et dans le même temps, la concurrence acharnée relève les niveaux et les critères des compétitions. Les sports attirant des spectateurs en masse sont depuis longtemps des « foires aux monstres ». Qu’ils soient dans les stades ou confortablement assis devant leur petit écran, les spectateurs ont du mal à imaginer avoir un jour eux-mêmes un corps aussi musclé avec des superréflexes. La notion démodée de souffrance à base de sang, de sueur et de larmes est désormais présente comme partie prenante des performances de la technoculture moderne. Nombre de questions qui découlent de cette perspective ont trouvé un terrain de débat dans une relativement nouvelle approche, pluriperspectiviste, des défis de l’époque biotechnologique : la bioéthique. La bioéthique offre une base au dialogue sur les questions essentielles du monde actuel : un dialogue qui surmonte les positions sectorielles, historiques et culturelles. Cependant, un tel discours se trouve confronté au pluralisme des approches comme aux barrières méthodologiques et requiert la création d’un appui théorique adéquat. Cette étude ne mettra en exergue que quelques- uns des points problématiques qui, dans le domaine du sport, mettent en relief les défauts des conceptions monoperspectivistes existantes. Dans ce sens, ne seront soulignés que quelques symptômes de la désorientation de la vie quotidienne apparaissant de manière particulière dans le sport : la fragilité des positions éthiques incombant aux concepts de « l’esprit du sport » et du « fair-play » face au progrès scientifique et technique, l’objectivation du corps, l’intérêt accru pour des activités à risque. Ces caractéristiques sont considérées comme les signes d’un besoin de supplanter les approches réductrices et monoperspectivistes, jusqu’à présent dominantes, que l’approche particulière de la bioéthique a la capacité de surmonter

Uza sve teškoće pozicioniranja humanizma unutar povijesnog okvira, neslaganja oko definiranja njegove naravi, izvora i temeljnih motiva, kao i odnosa spram tradicija mišljenja, uputnim se čini usmjeriti humanistima samima i kroz njihove radove pokušati detektirati onaj novum humanističkog svjetonazora. U tome smislu ovaj će se rad temeljiti na djelu jednog humanista »prve generacije« i pisca utjecajnog pedagogijskog traktata.Petar Pavao Vergerije stariji , književnik, crkvenopolitički pisac i dužnosnik, na samome početku 15. stoljeća piše raspravu De ingenuis moribus ac liberalibus studiis koju bilježimo kao svojevrsnu prekretnicu u filozofskome shvaćanju odgoja. Humanistički program kakav nudi Vergerije, u mudrosti vidi rezultat studija cjelovitog znanja i ostvarenje slobode. Dijalog s tradicionalnim vrijednostima osnova je razumijevanja vlastitoga vremena i njegovih vrijednosti, te zahtijeva slobodan studij kao jedini dostojan slobodna čovjeka. Odgoj pritom treba služiti svakidašnjici, a misao biti potkrijepljena i dopunjena djelom. Iako cijenjen kao prvi humanistički pedagogijski traktat, konfrontiran s misaonim naslijeđem srednjovjekovlja, Vergerijevo djelo i samo nastaje na tragu tradicije; pristupajući mudrima i sam postaje učeniji. Utoliko će i ovaj rad nastojati smjestiti Vergerijevo djelo u kontekst vremena njegova nastanka, kao i naznačiti utjecaj koji je imalo na promoviranje humanističkog svjetonazora.Against all difficulties of positioning humanism in frames of history, disagreements about defining its nature, sources and grounding motives, and also its relation to philosophical tradition, it seems recommendable to rely on humanists themselves and by studying their works try to detect the novum of humanistic way of perceiving the world. With that aim, this paper will be based on work of a “first generation” humanist and a writer of influential pedagogical treatise. Peter Paul Vergerio, Sr. , a writer, religiously political author and a dignitary, at very beginning of the 15th century writes the treatise De ingenuis moribus ac liberalibus studiis which we note as a kind of a milestone in philosophical understanding of education. Humanistic programme, offered by Vergerio, treats wisdom as an outcome of study in comprehensive knowledge and as achievement of freedom. A dialogue with traditional values is basic for understanding proper time and its system of values, and it calls for a free study as the only one that is worthy of a free man. Education should then be in service of every day life, and the idea should be verified and completed by an action. Although appreciated asthe first humanistic pedagogical treatise, being confronted to intellectual inheritance of the Middle-Ages, Vergerio’s work itself originates from tradition; admitting to the wise, he himself becomes wiser. For that reason this paper will tend to place Vergerio’s work in context of time when it was created, and to note the influence it had on promoting humanistic way of perceiving the world

Le renouveau de la pensée de Fritz Jahr semble arriver au bon moment. Au cours de son essor rapide, la bioéthique a réussi à prendre différentes formes, mais aussi à voir sa principale intention se réduire et devenir hyperspécialisée dans ses aspects théoriques et pratiques. La pensée de Fritz Jahr, résumée dans son impératif bioéthique, nous incite à appréhender à nouveau tant l’intention fondamentale de la bioéthique que le domaine de son objet. C’est pourquoi cette étude se concentrera sur l’impératif bioéthique de Jahr, ses points de départ, sa construction et ses implications, dans un double objectif : explorer la pensée originale de Jahr, puis tenter d’appréhender son message dans le cadre du discours contemporain relatif à la bioéthique, notamment la bioéthique intégrative. Ce dernier point n’a été qu’esquissé, laissant place à un éventuel développement. Enfin, le texte revient sur la Déclaration de Rijeka, document qui représente la tentative d’une transformation conceptuelle et méthodologique de la bioéthique contemporaine dans le contexte de la pensée de Jahr