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75Theories at Work: On the Structure and Functioning of Theories in Science, in Particular during the Copernican Revolution by Marinus Dirk Stafleu (review)Isis 81 (2): 340-341. 1990.Review of: Marinus Dirk Stafleu. Theories at Work: On the Structure and Functioning of Theories in Science, in Particular during the Copernican Revolution. (Christian Studies Today.) 310 pp., bibl., index. Lanham, Md./New York: University Press of America, 1987; Toronto: Institute for Christian Studies, 1987. $28.75 (cloth); $16.50 (paper).
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127Vorlesungsverzeichnisse der Universität Königsberg (review)Isis 93 (4): 693-694. 2002.Review of Michael Oberhausen; Riccardo Pozzo (Editors). Vorlesungsverzeichnisse der Universitaet Koenigsberg (1720–1804). (Forschungen und Materialen zur Universitaetsgeschichte, 1.) 2 volumes. lxviii, 778 pp., illus., indexes. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog, 1999.
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77Descartes: A Biography; Cogito, Ergo Sum: The Life of René Descartes (review)Isis 99 (1): 177-178. 2008.Review of Desmond M. Clarke. Descartes: A Biography. xi + 507 pp., apps., figs., bibl., index. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. $40 (cloth).; Richard Watson, Cogito, Ergo Sum: The Life of René Descartes. viii + 375 pp., figs., bibl., index. Boston: David R. Godine, 2002. $35 (cloth).
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3Il dualismo da Cartesio a Leibniz: Cartesio, Cordemoy, La Forge, Malebranche, Leibniz by Salvatore Nicolosi (review)Isis 82 (1): 136-137. 1991.
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14Descartes's Meditations as Cognitive ExercisesPhilosophy and Literature 9 (1): 41-58. 1985.According to the reading offered here, Descartes' use of the meditative mode of writing was not a mere rhetorical device to win an audience accustomed to the spiritual retreat. His choice of the literary form of the spiritual exercise was consonant with, if not determined by, his theory of the mind and of the basis of human knowledge. Since Descartes' conception of knowledge implied the priority of the intellect over the senses, and indeed the priority of an intellect operating independently of …Read more
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124Science, Certainty, and DescartesPSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1988. 1988.During the 1630s Descartes recognized that he could not expect all legitimate claims in natural science to meet the standard of absolute certainty. The realization resulted from a change in his physics, which itself arose not through methodological reflections, but through developments in his substantive metaphysical doctrines. Descartes discovered the metaphysical foundations of his physics in 1629-30; as a consequence, the style of explanation employed in his physical writings changed. His ear…Read more
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29Force (God) in Descartes' PhysicsIn John Cottingham (ed.), Descartes, Oxford University Press. pp. 281-310. 1986.Reprint of: Gary Hatfield, Force (God) in Descartes' physics, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 10 (2):113-140 (1979) Abstract. It is difficult to evaluate the role of activity - of force or of that which has causal efficacy - in Descartes’ natural philosophy. On the one hand, Descartes claims to include in his natural philosophy only that which can be described geometrically, which amounts to matter (extended substance) in motion (where this motion is described kinematically)…Read more
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38The Locus of Masking Shape-at-a-SlantPerception and Psychophysics 24 (6): 501-504. 1978.Twelve subjects provided shape and orientation judgments for a set of projectively equivalent, variously rotated rectangles under three viewing conditions—monoptic, dichoptic, and binocular—with and without the presence of a pattern mask. In the absence of the mask, partial constancy was exhibited under the first two conditions and near perfect constancy under the binocular condition. Orientation was discriminated. Presence of the mask produced projective shape matching and diminished orientatio…Read more
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18Functional Equivalence of Masking and Cue Reduction in Perception of Shape at a SlantPerception and Psychophysics 23 (2): 137-144. 1978.In a backward masking paradigm Epstein, Hatfield, and Muise (1977) found that presentation of a frontoparallel pattern mask caused the perceived shape of elliptical figures which were rotated in depth to conform to a projective shape function. The current study extended the masking function by examining the effect of a mask which was partially or wholly cotemporal with the target. The study also assessed the functional equivalence of the masking treatment and the conventional treatment for minim…Read more
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76Psicologia, Filosofia e Ciencia Cognitiva: Reflexões Sobre a História e a Filosofia da Psicologia ExperimentalIn Saulo de Freitas Araujo (ed.), História e Filosofia da Psicologia: Perspectivas Contemporâneas, Editora Ufjf. pp. 223-258. 2012.This article critically examines the views that psychology first came into existence as a discipline ca. 1879, that philosophy and psychology were estranged in the ensuing decades, that psychology finally became scientific through the influence of logical empiricism, and that it should now disappear in favor of cognitive science and neuroscience. It argues that psychology had a natural philosophical phase (from antiquity) that waxed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, that this psycholo…Read more
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20Perception and Sense DataIn Michael Beaney (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of The History of Analytic Philosophy, Oxford University Press. pp. 948-974. 2013.Analytic philosophy arose in the early decades of the twentieth century, with Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore leading the way. Although some accounts emphasize the role of logic and language in the origin of analytic philosophy, of equal importance is the theme of perception, sense data, and knowledge, which dominated systematic philosophical discussion in the first two decades of the twentieth century in both Britain and America. This chapter examines work on perception and sense data as well …Read more
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10Empirical, rational, and transcendental psychology: Psychology as science and as philosophyIn Paul Guyer (ed.), The Cambridge companion to Kant, Cambridge University Press. 1992.The chapter places Kant's discussions of empirical and rational psychology in the context of previous discussions in Germany. It also considers the status of what might be called his "transcendental psychology" as an instance of a special kind of knowledge: transcendental philosophy. It is divided into sections that consider four topics: the refutation of traditional rational psychology in the Paralogisms; the contrast between traditional empirical psychology and the transcendental philosophy of…Read more
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6Review essay: The importance of the history of science for philosophy in general (review)Synthese 106 (1). 1996.Essay review of Daniel Garber, 1992, Descartes' Metaphysical Physics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, xiv + 389 pp., and Michael Friedman,: 1992, Kant and the Exact Sciences, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, xvii + 357 pp. These two books display the historical connection between science and philosophy in the writings of Descartes and Kant. They show the place of science in, or the scientific context of, these authors' central metaphysical doctrines, perta…Read more
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13Metaphysics and the new scienceIn David C. Lindberg & Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, ed. by and (Cambridge:), Cambridge University Press. 1990.An understanding of the relationship between metaphysics and natural philosophy - or, as we might now say, between philosophy and science - is fundamental to understanding the rise of the "new science" of the seventeenth century. Twentieth-century scholarship on this relationship has been dominated by the thoughbt of Ernst Cassirer, E. A. Burtt, A. N. Whitehead, and Alexandre Koyre. These authors found a common core in the mathematization of nature, which they ascribed to a common Platonic or Py…Read more
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178Was the scientific revolution really a revolution in science?In Jamil Ragep & Sally Ragep (eds.), Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-Modern Science Held at the University of Oklahoma, Brill. 1996.This chapter poses questions about the existence and character of the Scientific Revolution by deriving its initial categories of analysis and its initial understanding of the intellectual scene from the writings of the seventeenth century, and by following the evolution of these initial categories in succeeding centuries. This project fits the theme of cross cultural transmission and appropriation -- a theme of the present volume -- if one takes the notion of a culture broadly, so that, say, se…Read more
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6Descartes and His Contemporaries: Meditations, Objections, and Replies (review)Journal of the History of Philosophy 35 (4): 624-626. 1997.Review of Roger Ariew and Marjorie Grene, editors, _Descartes and His Contemporaries: Meditations, Objections, and Replies_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Pp. vii + 261. Cloth, $45.00. Paper, $17.95.
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97Philosophy of Psychology as Philosophy of SciencePSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1994. 1994.This paper serves to introduce the papers from the symposium by the same title, by describing the sort of work done in philosophy of psychology conceived as a branch of the philosophy of science, distinguishing it from other discussions of psychology in philosophy, and criticizing the claims to set limits on scientific psychology in the largely psychologically uninformed literatures concerning "folk psychology' and "wide" and "narrow" content. Philosophy of psychology as philosophy of science ta…Read more
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21Gary Hatfield examines theories of spatial perception from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century and provides a detailed analysis of the works of Kant and Helmholtz, who adopted opposing stances on whether central questions about spatial perception were fully amenable to natural-scientific treatment. At stake were the proper understanding of the relationships among sensation, perception, and experience, and the proper methodological framework for investigating the mental activities of judgme…Read more
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27Review: Descartes's Method of Doubt (review)Mind 115 (458): 394-399. 2006.Review of _Descartes’s Method of Doubt_, by Janet Broughton. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. xv + 217. H/b £22.95, P/b £10.95. The review characterizes Broughton's book on Cartesian doubt as a work that attends to the philosophical significance of Descartes's work while taking seriously his own aims and the historical context of his arguments. The review considers her extensive examination of the method of doubt and her notion of "dependence arguments" as a way of ove…Read more
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19Perception and cognition: essays in the philosophy of psychologyOxford University Press. 2009.Representation and content in some (actual) theories of perception -- Representation in perception and cognition : task analysis, psychological functions, and rule instantiation -- Perception as unconscious inference -- Representation and constraints : the inverse problem and the structure of visual space -- On perceptual constancy -- Getting objects for free (or not) : the philosophy and psychology of object perception -- Color perception and neural encoding : does metameric matching entail a l…Read more
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138Epistemology and Science in the Image of Modern Philosophy: Rorty on Descartes and LockeIn Juliet Floyd & Sanford Shieh (eds.), Future pasts: the analytic tradition in twentieth-century philosophy, Oxford University Press. 2001.In Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979), Richard Rorty locates the perceived ills of modern philosophy in the "epistemological turn" of Descartes and Locke. This chapter argues that Rorty's accounts of Descartes' and Locke's philosophical work are seriously flawed. Rorty misunderstood the participation of early modern philosophers in the rise of modern science, and he misdescribed their examination of cognition as psychological rather than epistemological. His diagnostic efforts were there…Read more
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82Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768-1800: A Contribution to the History of Critical Philosophy by Manfred Kuehn (review)Isis 81 (3): 574-575. 1990.A review of: Manfred Kuehn. Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768-1800: A Contribution to the History of Critical Philosophy. (McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Ideas.) xiv + 300 pp., app., bibl., index. Kingston, Ont./Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987. $35.
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212The Senses and the Fleshless Eye: The Meditations as Cognitive ExercisesIn Amélie Rorty (ed.), Rorty, Univ of California Press. 1986.According to the reading offered here, Descartes' use of the meditative mode of writing was not a mere rhetorical device to win an audience accustomed to the spiritual retreat. His choice of the literary form of the spiritual exercise was consonant with, if not determined by, his theory of the mind and of the basis of human knowledge. Since Descartes' conception of knowledge implied the priority of the intellect over the senses, and indeed the priority of an intellect operating independently of …Read more
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9Koffka, Köhler, and the “crisis” in psychologyStudies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43 (2): 483-492. 2012.This paper examines the claims of the Gestalt psychologists that there was a crisis in experimental psychology ca. 1900, which arose because the prevailing sensory atomism excluded meaning from among psychological phenomena. The Gestaltists claim that a primary motivation of their movement was to show, against the speculative psychologists and philosophers and Verstehen historians, that natural scientific psychology can handle meaning. Purportedly, they revealed this motivation in their initial …Read more
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136L’attention chez Descartes: aspect mental et aspect physiologiqueLes Etudes Philosophiques 171 (1): 7-25. 2017.In philosophical writings from Descartes’ time, the topic of attention attracted notice but not systematic treatment. In Descartes’s own writings, attention was not given the kind of extended analysis that he devoted to the theory of the senses, or the passions, or to the intellect and will. Nonetheless, phenomena of attention arose in relation to these other topics and were discussed in terms of mental operations and, where appropriate, relations to bodily organs. Although not producing a syste…Read more
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10René DescartesIn Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to the Modern Philosophers - From Descartes to Nietzsche, Wiley-blackwell. pp. 1-27. 1991.An introduction to Descartes as a philosopher. Situates his philosophy within the context of Descartes' efforts to forge a new natural philosophy, including original work on the theory of the senses and the passions and emotions.
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42Gibsonian representations and connectionist symbol-processing: Prospects for unificationPsychological Research 52 243-52. 1990.Not long ago the standard view in cognitive science was that representations are symbols in an internal representational system or language of thought and that psychological processes are computations defined over such representations. This orthodoxy has been challenged by adherents of functional analysis and by connectionists. Functional analysis as practiced by Marr is consistent with an analysis of representation that grants primacy to a stands for conception of representation. Connectionism …Read more
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9Routledge philosophy guidebook to Descartes and the meditationsRoutledge. 2002.Descartes' Meditations is one of the most widely read philosophical texts and has marked the beginning of what we now consider as modern philosophy. It is the first text that most students of philosophy are introduced to and this Guidebook will be an indispensable introduction to what is undeniably one of the most important texts in the history of philosophy. Gary Hatfield offers a clear and concise introduction to Descartes' background, a careful reading of the Meditations and a methodological …Read more
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5PsychologyIn Allen W. Wood & Songsuk Susan Hahn (eds.), The Cambridge history of philosophy in the nineteenth century (1790-1870), Cambridge University Press. pp. 241-262. 2011.The quantitative experimental scientific psychology that became prominent by the turn of the twentieth century grew from three main areas of intellectual inquiry. First and most directly, it arose out of the traditional psychology of the philosophy curriculum, as expressed in theories of mind and cognition. Second, it adopted the attitudes of the new natural philosophy of the scientific revolution, attitudes of empirically driven causal analysis and exact observation and experimentation. Third, …Read more
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8Descartes’s Theory of Mind (review)International Philosophical Quarterly 45 (1): 124-127. 2005.Review of Desmond Clarke's _Descartes's Theory of Mind_. Focuses on Clarke's discussions of animal sentience, substance dualism, and the relation of metaphysics to natural philosophy in Descartes.
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