S. K. Sarkar

© 2015.This document a59Summary of the discussions and conclusions following from Dark Matter @ LHC 2014, held at Merton College, Oxford, on September 25-27, 2014. outlines a set of simplified models for dark matter and its interactions with Standard Model particles. It is intended to summarize the main characteristics that these simplified models have when applied to dark matter searches at the LHC, and to provide a number of useful expressions for reference. The list of models includes both s-channel and t-channel scenarios. For s-channel, spin-0 and spin-1 mediations are discussed, and also realizations where the Higgs particle provides a portal between the dark and visible sectors. The guiding principles underpinning the proposed simplified models are spelled out, and some suggestions for implementation are presented.

Why do societies erode future viability despite institutional adequacy, material sufficiency, and procedural success? Existing theories—scarcity, collapse, or mismanagement—fail to explain this paradox. We introduce institutionalized futurity loss: a structural process wherein societies deplete future options because of institutional reproduction, not failure. Treating future viability as a finite, exhaustible capacity, we develop a conversion-centered framework that decouples present adequacy from long-term welfare preservation. Through the late Roman polity as a civilizational demonstrator, we trace how temporal externalization, threshold blindness, and institutional delay cumulatively foreclose futures without triggering crisis. This is not collapse—but structured temporal depletion embedded in effective institutions. The paper specifies institutionalized futurity loss as a analytically distinct form of temporal constraint in which future viability is exhausted through the routine reproduction of effective institutions rather than their breakdown.

Despite the transformation in biological practice and theory brought about by discoveries in molecular biology, until recently philosophy of biology continued to focus on evolutionary biology. When the Human Genome Project got underway in the late 1980s and early 1990s, philosophers of biology -- unlike historians and social scientists -- had little to add to the debate. In this landmark collection of essays, Sahotra Sarkar broadens the scope of current discussions of the philosophy of biology, viewing molecular biology as a unifying perspective on life that complements that of evolutionary biology. His focus is on molecular biology, but the overriding question behind these papers is what molecular biology contributes to all traditional areas of biological research.Molecular biology -- described with some foresight in a 1938 Rockefeller Foundation report as a branch of science in which "delicate modern techniques are being used to investigate ever more minute details" -- and its modeling strategies apparently argue in favor of physical reductionism. Sarkar's first three chapters explore reductionism -- defending it, but cautioning that reduction to molecular interactions is not necessarily a reduction to genetics (and does not support the claims of either heriditarianism or environmentalism). The next sections of the book discuss function, exploring how functional explanations pose a problem for reductionism; the informational interpretation of biology and how it interacts with reductionism; and the tension between the unifying framework of molecular biology and the received framework of evolutionary theory. The concluding chapter is an essay in the emerging field of developmental evolution, exploring what molecular biology may contribute to the transformation of evolutionary theory as evolutionary theory takes into account morphogenetic development.

_A COMPANION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY_ “Sarkar is to be congratulated for assembling this talented team of philosophers, who are themselves to be congratulated for writing these interesting essays on so many fascinating areas in philosophy of biology. This book will be a wonderful resource for future work.” _Elliot Sober,_ University of Wisconsin-Madison “Many of the discussions here start with a definition of terms and a historical context of the subject before delving into the deeper philosophical issues, making it a useful reference for students of biology as well as philosophy.” _Northeastern Naturalist_ “The topics that are addressed are done so well. This book will appeal to the advanced student and knowledgeable amateur and may prove useful catalyst for discussion among research teams or those engaged in cross-disciplinary studies.” _Reference Reviews_ _A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology_ offers concise overviews of philosophical issues raised by all areas of biology. Addressing both traditional and emerging areas of philosophical interest, the volume focuses on the philosophical implications of evolutionary theory as well as key topics such as molecular biology, immunology, and ecology Comprising essays by top scholars in the field, this volume is an authoritative guide for professional philosophers, historians, sociologists and biologists, as well as an accessible reference work for students seeking to learn about this rapidly-changing field.

_A COMPANION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY_ “Sarkar is to be congratulated for assembling this talented team of philosophers, who are themselves to be congratulated for writing these interesting essays on so many fascinating areas in philosophy of biology. This book will be a wonderful resource for future work.” _Elliot Sober,_ University of Wisconsin-Madison “Many of the discussions here start with a definition of terms and a historical context of the subject before delving into the deeper philosophical issues, making it a useful reference for students of biology as well as philosophy.” _Northeastern Naturalist_ “The topics that are addressed are done so well. This book will appeal to the advanced student and knowledgeable amateur and may prove useful catalyst for discussion among research teams or those engaged in cross-disciplinary studies.” _Reference Reviews_ _A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology_ offers concise overviews of philosophical issues raised by all areas of biology. Addressing both traditional and emerging areas of philosophical interest, the volume focuses on the philosophical implications of evolutionary theory as well as key topics such as molecular biology, immunology, and ecology Comprising essays by top scholars in the field, this volume is an authoritative guide for professional philosophers, historians, sociologists and biologists, as well as an accessible reference work for students seeking to learn about this rapidly-changing field.

The study investigates the interconnected relationship between insomnia and psychological distress, focusing on the transdiagnostic nature of this phenomena. Data was collected from 307 participants, aged 18–35 using self-report questionnaires. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from 10 participants with high insomnia severity scores. Results showed significant relationships between depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia severity, with depression showing the strongest correlation. However, qualitative insights revealed that participants often perceive anxiety as the primary contributor to sleeplessness. Gender differences in insomnia severity and psychological distress were also observed, highlighting the need for gender-sensitive approaches in treatment. The study suggests a cyclic relationship, emphasizing bidirectional influences amongst the variables. These findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between sleeplessness and psychological distress, urging for comprehensive approaches for understanding and addressing these interconnected phenomena.

In the early twentieth century Calcutta, the electrification of the city, its industrial application, and transportation narrative all stand out as the biggest engagement for the bureaucrats, engineers, nationalists, and ordinary Indians. The arrival of electricity necessitated the introduction of new institutional facilities. With the growth of the technological system, a supportive culture also grew—trained manpower to handle the machines, better educational facilities, new business culture, etc. The CESC, a London based power company, was instrumental in the generation and supply of electricity in Calcutta—both urban and industrial. From the beginning, they realized the need to create a pool of personnel (basically Indians) with elementary knowledge on electrical engineering. Thus, the Bengal Engineering College, Sibpur, started providing basic instruction on the subject. The erudite Indian elites identified, on several occasions, the imperfect training of Indian engineers, including electrical. A nationalist’s initiative, College of Engineering and Technology, Jadavpur, from its inception, used to provide advanced training in electrical engineering. Investments in education, especially techno-scientific, were now seen to be of great importance. The electrical power was to be the key to a modern industrial economy excited Bengali bhadralok. Based on the archival materials, college documents (annual reports, calendars, curriculums, etc), and vernacular sources, this paper is basically on the education of electrical engineers as it had evolved and developed in the late years of the Raj, and the interface it had with entrepreneurship and industry in a colonial metropolis—Calcutta.

This book offers a unique perspective on the colonial roots of modern science, technology, and medicine (STM) in South Asia. The book questions the deconstruction of imperial visions and definitions of science and modernity in South Asia. It presents an in-depth analysis of the contested relationship between science, modernity, and colonialism. It explores how new research can contribute to the diversification of perspectives in the history and sociology of modern South Asian studies. The chapters in the book delve into various aspects of STM in South Asia. It covers diverse topics, including the social, cultural, and pedagogic context of early modern Bengal, the popularization of science in colonial Punjab, the Hindi science periodical Vigyan, and the emergence of the Indian science community. The book also examines the intersection of indigenous medical practices, ayurveda, and medical revivalism and highlights peripheral creativity in science. The contributors engage with the existing historiography to raise new questions concerning the global circulations of scientific knowledge from the perspective of South Asia and the regional appropriation of the same. It connects the history of science and modernity with South Asia's socio-economic and cultural background. It offers valuable insights into the decolonization of STM. It greatly interests scholars and students of modern South Asian history, sociology, social anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society Studies (STS).

This paper argues that biodiversity should be understood as a normative concept constrained by a set of adequacy conditions that reflect scientific explications of diversity. That there is a normative aspect to biodiversity has long been recognized by environmental philosophers though there is no consensus on the question of what, precisely, biodiversity is supposed to be. There is also disagreement amongst these philosophers as well as amongst conservationists about whether the operative norms should view biodiversity as a global heritage or as embodying local values. After critically analyzing and rejecting the first alternative, this paper gives precedence to local values in defining biodiversity but then notes many problems associated with this move. The adequacy conditions to constrain all natural features from being dubbed as biodiversity include a restriction to biotic elements, attention to variability, and to taxonomic spread, as well as measurability. The biotic elements could be taxa, community types, or even non-standard land cover units such as sacred groves. This approach to biodiversity is intended to explicate its use within the conservation sciences which is the context in which the concept (and term) was first introduced in the late 1980s. It differs from approaches that also attempt to capture the co-option of the term in other fields such as systematics.

With the advent of the Human Genome Project there have been many claims for the genetic origins of complex human behavior including insanity, criminality, and intelligence. But what does it really mean to call something 'genetic'? This is the fundamental question that Sahotra Sarkar's book addresses. The author analyses the nature of reductionism in classical and molecular genetics. He shows that there are two radically different kinds of reductionist explanation: genetic reduction (as found in classical genetics) and physical reduction (found in molecular genetics). This important book clarifies the meaning of the term 'genetic', shows how molecular studies have affected genetics, and provides the philosophical background necessary to understand the debates over the Human Genome Project. It will be of particular interest to professionals and students in the philosophy of science, the history of science, and the social studies of science, medicine, and technology.

In Vienna in the early 1920s a group of brilliant philosophers, mathematicians and scientists - led by figures including Moritz Schlick, Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap and Kurt Gödel - gathered to discuss the very foundations of science and mathematics. Known as the Vienna Circle, their motto was 'knowledge only from experience' and the movement became known as Logical Empiricism. In this highly engaging book, Sahotra Sarkar tells the philosophical story of one hundred years of Logical Empiricism, from its inception in 1924 to its legacy today. He explains how its theories, influenced by the revolutionary theories of space, time and causality in the air at the time, led to a quest for a unified theory of science. He also shows how Logical Empiricism's courageous commitment to logic and objectivity provided a powerful political antidote to Nazi racism and obscurantism, before charting the fall of the movement after many of its members, who had fled to the United States during World War Two, were presumed to have communist sympathies. A superb evocation of one of the most important intellectual and scientific movements of the twentieth century, The Vienna Circle: The Story of Logical Empiricism will be of great interest to anyone interested in philosophy, history, and the history of science"- Provided by publisher.

By now it has become commonplace to note that the early Carnap was strongly influenced by Kant and the neo-Kantianism of his day.1 As early as 1977 Haack noted some striking similarities between the Aufbau and the first Critique; since then, Haack’s observation has been underscored by documenting the explicit role of the neo-Kantians in Carnap’s early education and intellectual development.2 Whether or not Carnap in the Aufbau was at all interested in traditional empiricism, or even strongly influenced by Russell, remains debatable.3 However, a decisive early influence of Kant cannot be persuasively denied. Nevertheless, Kant and the neo-Kantians do not comprise the whole story. An equally important influence on Carnap in Der Raum, though perhaps slightly less so in the Aufbau, was Husserl.4 This paper begins the project of tracing the precise extent and nature of that influence.KeywordsPhysical SpaceFormal SpaceLogical EmpiricismVienna CircleLogical SyntaxThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Visitor satisfaction at theatre festivals refers to the positive experience and enjoyment that attendees derive from well-organized events. This study evaluates the impact of various organizational factors on visitor satisfaction at theatre festivals, utilizing comprehensive data collected from 250 visitors and 250 event organizers. The research design incorporated detailed questionnaires and demographic data to assess key aspects such as programming and scheduling, venue management, ticketing processes, customer service, facilities, safety, and transportation. SPSS software had been used to implement factor and regression analyses were employed to determine the relative importance of these factors. The findings reveal that programming and scheduling significantly influence festival success, while venue management and ticketing also play important roles. In contrast, transportation, amenities, and facilities had minimal impact. The cumulative variance analysis confirmed the comprehensive influence of all factors combined. These insights suggest that future improvements should focus on optimizing programming and scheduling while addressing the broader range of variables affecting festival performance and attendee satisfaction.

Entrepreneurial perspectives are distinct approaches individuals use to identify opportunities and navigate challenges in the business world, shaping their risk evaluation, innovation, and strategic decision-making for growth and success. This study aims to evaluate how entrepreneurial perspectives shape and influence organizational culture. By examining the interplay between entrepreneurial attitudes and organizational standards, it seeks to understand their impact on organizational dynamics and effectiveness. This study explores entrepreneurial perspectives and organizational culture through the analysis of 500 applications using structured questionnaires. The study used statistical methods like descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, hypothesis testing, and chi-square tests to analyze the impact of proactiveness, self-efficacy, and employee engagement on organizational culture. The statistical analysis conducted using SPSS software reveals that proactiveness (CR = 0.911, R² = 0.789) and self-efficacy (CR = 0.864, R²= 0.876) significantly enhance organizational culture. Employee engagement also shows a significant impact (CR = 0.879, R² = 0.859). In contrast, collaboration (CR = 0.906, R² = 0.892) and visionary thinking (CR = 0.945, R²=0.555) do not significantly influence or mediate relationships with organizational culture, as indicated by non-significant p-values. Entrepreneurial perspectives significantly shape organizational culture by introducing innovative ideas and risk behaviors, enhancing competitiveness and responsiveness in a rapidly changing market.

Two aspects of the Eigen theory of the origin of life are separated: (i) a theory of evolution at the molecular level, and (ii) the special dynamical properties of hypercycles when that theory is applied to them. It is shown that the former can be applied to a variety of molecular systems which then satisfy Lewontin's criteria for evolution by natural selection. This insight is used to show how, at the molecular level, this theory of natural selection can be used to provide physical warrants for functional explanations. The position of hypercycles in this picture and the reasons for their suitability as a model for the origin of life are also discussed.

Philosophers are drawn to the Atomic Theory like a dog to an old shoe, but my results about realism and anti-realism in Tracking Truth, and the distinctive position I have carved out on their basis, are independent of the fate of my comments about that historical case. I will defend those comments against Stanford’s objections below, but first I will explain the argument of my chapter, because its results undermine not only historically important antirealist positions, but also the approach via unconceived conceivables that Stanford’s criticisms (and his pessimistic induction) depend on. The issue is claims about equal evidential support that empiricist defenses of epistemological anti-realism, including Stanford’s, must and do appeal to. In Chapter 6 of Tracking Truth, I show that the best known probabilistic definitions of evidential support imply the anti-realist’s key equalsupport claims are either false or inconsistent with the view he wants to base on them. There are reasons to think that it is not even possible to define a probabilistic notion of support that will do the job the anti-realist needs. It follows from this, as I explain below, that the anti-realist has not defended the claim that we are in principle, or even probably, unable to confirm high-level theories – for this, I say, we must wait and see, and make our best estimates. This, and my claim that we have actually gotten beyond observables – a point made with pregnancy tests and tests for medical conditions – make room for realism. I do not endorse the kind of realist claim that says we generally have a right to believe our successful hypotheses that go beyond observables. Some successful hypotheses are better confirmed than others, and some are not at all. However, since the anti-realist’s general skeptical arguments fail, I also do not think we need such general claims in order to have a right to confidence in those particular hypotheses for which we do have good evidence. I call my approach to the epistemological realism-anti-realism debate “evidential.” The nub of the issue between the two camps has always been whether we have a right to believe our scientific theories – in some sense that includes at least some of their claims about unobservable matters – on the basis of our evidence.1 Answers to this question depend on what our evidence actually is, and on the definition or criteria for evidential support..

Structural realism holds that ontological commitments induced by successful scientific theories should focus on the structures rather than the objects posited by the theories. Thus structural realism goes beyond the empirical adequacy criterion of traditional (or constructive) empiricism. It also attempts to avoid the problems scientific realism faces in contexts of radical theory change accompanied by discordant shifts in posited theoretical objects. Structural realism emerged in the context of attempts to interpret developments in twentieth-century physics. In a biological context, Stanford (2006) provided pre-emptive criticism. French (2011, 2012) has since attempted to answer those criticisms and extend structural realism to the biological realm. This paper argues that, though Stanford’s criticism may be misplaced, and structural realism fares much better than traditional scientific realism in biological contexts, it remains a promissory note. The promise is based on shifting the focus of the debate from the status of biological laws to that of biological organization, an issue that remains a live debate within biology.