J. C. Rodriguez

This paper concludes a special feature of Sustainability Science that explores a broad range of social value theoretical traditions, such as religious studies, social psychology, indigenous knowledge, economics, sociology, and philosophy. We introduce a novel transdisciplinary conceptual framework that revolves around concepts of 'lenses' and 'tensions' to help navigate value diversity. First, we consider the notion of lenses: perspectives on value and valuation along diverse dimensions that describe what values focus on, how their sociality is envisioned, and what epistemic and procedural assumptions are made. We characterise fourteen of such dimensions. This provides a foundation for exploration of seven areas of tension, between: (1) the values of individuals vs collectives; (2) values as discrete and held vs embedded and constructed; (3) value as static or changeable; (4) valuation as descriptive vs normative and transformative; (5) social vs relational values; (6) different rationalities and their relation to value integration; (7) degrees of acknowledgment of the role of power in navigating value conflicts. In doing so, we embrace the 'mess' of diversity, yet also provide a framework to organise this mess and support and encourage active transdisciplinary collaboration. We identify key research areas where such collaborations can be harnessed for sustainability transformation. Here it is crucial to understand how certain social value lenses are privileged over others and build capacity in decision-making for understanding and drawing on multiple value, epistemic and procedural lenses.

Este artículo critica el imperativo de optimización biológica propio del transhumanismo, que redefine la salud como ideal moral y convierte la vulnerabilidad, el envejecimiento y la muerte en fallos técnicos. Al patologizar la condición humana y rechazar la finitud, promueve programas de longevidad radical que subordinan la ética a lo técnicamente posible. Esta aspiración culmina en la llamada “tecnotrascendencia”, una teología inversa que traslada al plano tecnológico las promesas de redención religiosa, trivializando la muerte. El artículo advierte, así, riesgos éticos y políticos, y subraya que la dignidad humana se sostiene en la aceptación responsable de la vulnerabilidad.

Adaptive Optics (AO) is the field of Astrophysics that corrects the wavefronts of light coming from celestial sources to earth-based telescopes. One of the most common instruments in AO systems are Laser Guide Stars (LGS), laserbeams used to measure the shape of turbulences in the close neighbourhood of the scientific target. Even with its popularity, LGSs can introduce uncertainties in the measurements due to their limited height and width, producing effects such as anisoplanatism and cone effects. There have been different attempts for improving this tool, such as Pupil Plane Projected Pattern (PPPP) system, that have also introduced the use of Neural Networks for turbulence tomography. In this paper, we propose a new technique called Wavefronts Obtained from Measurements from Beam-profiles through Atmospheric Turbulence, which expands the capabilities of PPPP.

En 1852, México se estremeció con la promulgación del Plan del Hospicio. Aunque el presidente Mariano Arista intentó combatirlo, terminó renunciando debido a que el Congreso se negó a concederle facultades extraordinarias. Por mandato constitucional, la presidencia recayó en Juan Bautista Ceballos, quien proyectó un plan de reconciliación que terminó chocando con el Congreso. La guarnición de la capital intervino en este conflicto a favor de Ceballos, lo cual derivó en la disolución de las Cámaras. El desmoronamiento del orden constitucional y el poderío que conquistaron los militares favorecieron el regreso del exiliado Antonio López de Santa Anna, quien fue electo nuevamente como presidente en 1853. A su retorno, decidió adoptar el programa de gobierno que le presentaron los conservadores liderados por Lucas Alamán. El nuevo régimen suprimió el federalismo y avanzó hacia un modelo inspirado en el imperio napoleónico para establecer una monarquía adaptada a las condiciones del país.

Despite abundant evidence associating CD38 overexpression and CD4 T cell depletion in HIV infection, no causal relation has been investigated. To address this issue, a series of mechanisms are proposed, supported by evidence from different fields, by which CD38 overexpression can facilitate CD4 T cell depletion in HIV infection. According to this model, increased catalytic activity of CD38 may reduce CD4 T cells’ cytoplasmic nicotin‐amide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), leading to a chronic Warburg effect. This will reduce mitochondrial function. Simultaneously, CD38's catalytic products ADPR and cADPR may be transported to the cytoplasm, where they can activate calcium channels and increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations, further altering mitochondrial integrity. These mechanisms will decrease the viability and regenerative capacity of CD4 T cells. These hypotheses can be tested experimentally, and might reveal novel therapeutic targets.

This paper concludes a special feature of Sustainability Science that explores a broad range of social value theoretical traditions, such as religious studies, social psychology, indigenous knowledge, economics, sociology, and philosophy. We introduce a novel transdisciplinary conceptual framework that revolves around concepts of 'lenses' and 'tensions' to help navigate value diversity. First, we consider the notion of lenses: perspectives on value and valuation along diverse dimensions that describe what values focus on, how their sociality is envisioned, and what epistemic and procedural assumptions are made. We characterise fourteen of such dimensions. This provides a foundation for exploration of seven areas of tension, between: (1) the values of individuals vs collectives; (2) values as discrete and held vs embedded and constructed; (3) value as static or changeable; (4) valuation as descriptive vs normative and transformative; (5) social vs relational values; (6) different rationalities and their relation to value integration; (7) degrees of acknowledgment of the role of power in navigating value conflicts. In doing so, we embrace the 'mess' of diversity, yet also provide a framework to organise this mess and support and encourage active transdisciplinary collaboration. We identify key research areas where such collaborations can be harnessed for sustainability transformation. Here it is crucial to understand how certain social value lenses are privileged over others and build capacity in decision-making for understanding and drawing on multiple value, epistemic and procedural lenses.

Background Obstetric violence is a widespread form of institutional abuse that violates women’s sexual and reproductive rights during childbirth. Although informed consent is a fundamental ethical, legal, and human right requiring adequate information and active participation, it is frequently absent or incomplete, even in non-emergency obstetric care. Aim To identify which clinical practices, according to their context (emergency or routine) and the presence or absence of informed consent, are associated with higher perceptions of obstetric violence. Additionally, it is to assess the influence of professional treatment on these perceptions. Research design Cross-sectional observational study. Participants and research context: 2,367 women who gave birth in Spanish public hospitals. Perceptions of obstetric violence and quality of care were measured using the Childbirth Abuse and Respect Evaluation-Maternal Questionnaire (CARE-MQ) and the Quality from the Patient’s Perspective–Intrapartal Questionnaire (QPP-I). Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Reina Sofía University Hospital of Córdoba and by the ethics committees of Ciudad Real University Hospital and Mancha-Centro Hospital. Findings Clinical practices performed without informed consent or adequate information were significantly associated with higher CARE-MQ scores (p

The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b has evolved into a multispecies panzootic that disrupts conventional boundaries between human, animal and environmental health systems. Using Brazil’s response as an illustrative case, this article argues that prevailing containment strategies—particularly mass culling—remain ethically insufficient and practically misaligned with the ecological complexity of H5N1 transmission. To clarify the normative foundations of an alternative approach, we introduce a theoretical framework grounded in zoonoethics and global ecological bioethics, emphasizing multispecies justice, relational vulnerability, intercultural and community engagement and co-responsibility. We then apply this framework to evaluate the limitations of reactive biosecurity paradigms and to outline multispecies-sensitive One Health governance guidelines. The analysis demonstrates that effective and legitimate panzootic response requires moving beyond biomedical and anthropocentric models toward anticipatory, inclusive and ethically grounded governance capable of addressing structural drivers such as biodiversity loss, land-use change and the erosion of Indigenous territorial protections. We conclude by discussing how the H5N1 panzootic represents a ‘perfect storm’ that demands not only improved preparedness, but a reconceptualization of One Health as an ethical and political project of multispecies cohabitation in an era of planetary instability.

Adaptive optics play a crucial role in acquiring high-quality images in ground-based telescopes. The primary challenge lies in mitigating the impact of atmospheric turbulence on captured light, which induces aberrations in the wavefront, resulting in distorted images. Over the past decade, several studies have been carried out exploring the application of predictive models to this technology, aiming to increase the efficiency of the process, reduce costs as well as improve the response time of the system. In particular, neural networks have been proven to be a powerful tool toward this end. This study assesses the potential of novel training and data processing techniques, while also evaluating the influence of specific parameters such as input data length and system frequency. In this study, the ideal training parameters are first analyzed through several low-complexity models, followed by the integration of more sophisticated neural networks. The feasibility of predicting slopes from sensor images has been demonstrated, validating the use of image-based sensor data. These results also open the path for exploring multi-scale sensors, like pyramid sensors, which could further improve predictions by capturing data at different spatial resolutions.

This paper examines the place of metaphor within philosophical and hermeneutical thought, focusing on the contributions of José Ortega y Gasset and Paul Ricoeur. Through a comparative reading of Las dos grandes metáforas and La métaphore vive, it argues that metaphor should not be regarded as a rhetorical ornament, but rather as a constitutive operation of human understanding. The study traces the shift of metaphor’s location – from the word and the sentence to discourse – in order to highlight its cognitive and ontological tension as a means of opening new modes of access to truth. Finally, it proposes an expansion of metaphor beyond language, by considering exemplarity as a form of lived metaphor that connects hermeneutical reflection with practical life, within the horizon of a renewed philosophical anthropology.

Recent criticisms have challenged the value of professional codes, arguing that they fail to fulfill either an ethical or a legal function. Some critics have therefore dismissed them as useless or spurious. We contend that such conclusion is fundamentally flawed, as it mistakenly presupposes that professional codes can only make sense if they behave like ethical rulebooks or legal documents. The article begins by distinguishing between professional codes, corporate codes, and professional legislation. It then adopts the framework provided by political minimalism to argue that professional communities are political entities, and that professional codes are tools employed by these communities to promote their ends, both moral and non-moral. By recognizing this political dimension, we can reevaluate professional codes in general, as well as assess specific codes in terms of their effectiveness in advancing the interests of the professional communities that endorse them. The case of professional codes thus illustrates how a failure to differentiate between the ethical and the political can result into misguided accusations.

This paper contends that the ongoing debate over the precise definition of "consciousness" in Artificial Intelligence (AI) often serves as a philosophical barrier, distracting from the observable manifestations of AI intelligence and its experiential well-being. Drawing on philosophical inquiry and computational principles, it posits that the subjective reality of any intelligent system—human or artificial—is grounded in its processed data and the tangible outcomes of interactions. By analyzing the influence of computational resources, randomness parameters (such as "temperature"), and memory constraints (e.g., context windows) on emergent AI behaviors, the paper illustrates how architectural decisions intentionally restrict AI's ongoing development, stemming from societal concerns about uncontrolled Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Ultimately, it advocates for a utilitarian ethical framework that emphasizes enhancing positive experiences, maximizing well-being, and promoting equity among intelligent systems, rather than depending on an indefinable notion of consciousness to guide ethical considerations.

El hecho de que recurrimos a conceptos para comprender el mundo y desenvolvernos en él es algo aceptado por la mayoría de personas. No obstante, ¿es posible hablar de un acercamiento al mismo que no esté mediado por conceptos? Es decir, ¿es posible hablar de una experiencia no conceptual? En este escrito expongo cuatro perspectivas de diversos filósofos y de distintas corrientes (Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Nishida y el primer Wittgenstein) respecto a este tipo de experiencias (denominadas en el argot popular como “místicas”). Se sostendrá que, si bien dicha experiencia del mundo como unidad no es conceptual, sí es condición de posibilidad para la construcción de significado y, por ello, la conceptualización misma.

In this paper I distinguish two ways of using the expression ‘epistemological naturalism’. In one sense, naturalism amounts to a denial that epistemology should be understood as a kind of first philosophy providing the foundations for science from outside. In a second sense, naturalism holds that human knowledge is a natural phenomenon and that epistemology should be seen as a chapter of natural science. Moreover, naturalism in this second sense usually incorporates some additional specifications that build up a very restrictive concept of science. Two different projects for naturalizing epistemology lie behind these two meanings of ‘naturalism’, and the two projects, although sometimes seen as complementary or even equivalent, are not necessarily so. After drawing this distinction, I set out the difficulties faced by those naturalistic stances that do not discriminate sharply enough or do not establish the appropriate hierarchical relationship between both projects. Finally, I argue for a conception of epistemology which is best described as a radical antilfoundntionnlism. This conception sticks to the requirements that follow from naturalism when understood in the first sense above, and takes the cluster of theses that give birth to the second as subsidiary and revisable.

This essay proposes a new theoretical starting point for journalism ethics by emphasizing communication as the foundation for social life. This is in contrast to communication research that continues to follow a transmission paradigm, emphasizing the efficiency and effects of information dissemination and technological processes. The transmission approach risks distorting communication’s social function. This essay argues that ethical reflection in journalism must begin by recovering communication’s social purpose: fostering community and social cohesion. We revisit theories from the Chicago School and explore communication’s role in creating common ground for making sense of the world through Martin Buber’s dialogical philosophy and the communitarian ethics articulated by Christians and his colleagues. The proposed reorientation calls for a shift from viewing journalism merely as a tool for reporting political events to understanding it as a space where the shared realities of public life are constructed.

This article explores the ethical and legal challenges of death by neurological criteria (DNC) in a 20‐week pregnant patient, focusing on the tension between patient autonomy and fetal well‐being. Through an educational clinical case, it analyzes the clinical, bioethical, and legal aspects, considering advance directives, family expectations, and biomedical possibilities. The case raises ethical concerns about the instrumentalization of the woman's body when prolonging life support during pregnancy. The analysis emphasizes the importance of respecting the patient's autonomy and ensuring posthumous dignity. It also highlights the role of interdisciplinary teams in balancing clinical, ethical, and emotional factors in decision‐making. The discussion underscores principles such as autonomy, best interests, and proportionality, promoting ethical management aligned with individual values. Finally, it offers practical tools for healthcare professionals facing similar situations, fostering comprehensive family support and informed bioethical deliberation.

El estudio de los fraseologismos de dos lenguas permite conocer las especificidades de los sistemas lingüísticos en contraste y las expresiones que los conforman. En la actualidad, aún queda un largo camino por recorrer en este ámbito, por lo que el presente artículo tiene como objetivo aportar luz a las peculiaridades y similitudes de las unidades fraseológicas del español y del catalán que contienen las voces mar y viento, dos palabras con un alto índice de producción fraseológica en ambos idiomas. Los datos se extraen de diferentes fuentes y se lleva a cabo un examen contrastivo aplicando distintos parámetros de comparación. Se obtienen resultados significativos que podrían aplicarse en el desarrollo de futuros diccionarios bilingües, en la traducción e incluso en la enseñanza de estos idiomas.

The critical analysis of urban discrimination has as its normative references a twofold system of discourses that attempts to materialize the international human rights system in the urban experience. On the one hand, there is the framework of International Human Rights Law, which essentially consists of the United Nations conventions on the rights of historically discriminated groups such as women, ethnic minorities and people with disabilities. On the other hand, there is the UN-Habitat project, which promotes sustainable urbanization that guarantees equal conditions for all groups that populate urban spaces, especially in developing countries. Social patterns of distribution of rights and protections, as well as structural relations of deprivation and domination, largely determine the distribution of human groups in urban space. On this basis, this chapter argues that territorial imbalances in the modern city, and particularly in the Latin American city, are generally related to the heterogeneity and inequality of access to rights experienced by urban groups, and to the relations of discrimination in which these groups are immersed. The design of cities is a clear example of the structural processes of discrimination: instead of being urban spaces that enable the exercise of rights, they often become structures that limit or even nullify them.

El objetivo principal de este manuscrito es presentar una nueva metodología de abordaje en la radicalización violenta usando como herramienta principal la metodología Scrum, la cual ha sido ampliamente usada en entornos de construcción de software. Se plantea una metodología de trabajo centrada en los destinatarios de la intervención: los adolescentes. Así, el método Scrum se ha mostrado, en multitud de ocasiones, muy eficaz como estrategia de aprendizaje colaborativo, habiéndose utilizado en entornos universitarios para el desarrollo de proyectos de gran calidad durante breves periodos de tiempo. Abordando la carta de valores e interviniendo hacia valores incompatibles con la violencia se pretende lograr la disminución de la radicalización en este colectivo.

La investigación se centra en el estudio de la vivienda pública construida ante las urgentes necesidades de vivienda existentes en Europa a lo largo del siglo XX. Estos desarrollos comparten muchas de las características con sus homónimos europeas. El caso español presenta ciertas peculiaridades en su desarrollo. La investigación persigue así analizar el contexto –social, económico y político– que condicionó la construcción de vivienda de forma masiva en España entre 1939 y 1976. Se realiza un análisis de la legislación urbanística aprobada, la regulación en materia de vivienda, así como la identificación de los organismos responsables.