Mariano Crespo

The states of affairs are one of the basic categories of the formal ontology in the husserlian sense of this word. They are the objectiv correlates of judgements and they have an existence independent of propositions and of acts of judging. Their form is "the being-b of A". States of affairs have different properties. One of the most important is that they are bearers of ontological modalities. In this respect the analysis of the different classes of modalities needs to be completed for ontological investigations which make clear the several types of essences and the laws which are grounded in these essences.

To consider that the nature of forgiveness consists in its healing effects on the forgiver overlooks the distinction between the nature of forgiveness and the question about its desirable effects. What I suggest is that the curing effect of forgiveness is an indirectly intended consequence of forgiveness. To forgive mywrongdoer only because this is the way to gain inner peace or to “heal my soul” shows a somewhat utilitarian view on forgiveness. By forgiving the wrongdoer, thevictim extends an attitude of authentic goodwill toward the offender as a person. However, the one who forgives does not extend this attitude toward the action theoffender performed. We can strongly oppose wrong behavior without opposing wrongdoers as persons.