Yang Chen

Artificial intelligence (AI)-supported learning is increasingly used in medical education, including doctor–patient communication training. Such systems may provide virtual dialogue practice, immediate structured feedback, reflection prompts and opportunities for further practice after feedback. However, educational usefulness does not necessarily imply ethical acceptability. This study examined changes in medical students’ ethical and acceptability-related perceptions before and after participation in an AI-supported doctor–patient communication learning pathway. This longitudinal empirical ethics survey was nested within a course-based randomised educational trial but was analytically independent of the parent trial’s educational outcome analysis. Surveys were administered after random allocation to the AI-supported pathway but before exposure to AI-supported learning functions (T0), at the end of the 8-week course (T1), and at the 3-month follow-up (T2). The main analysis focused on students in the AI-supported pathway with complete T0–T1–T2 ethics-related scale data and analysable T2 open-text responses (n = 31). The open-text question was included only at T2. The primary comparison was the within-participant T0–T2 change across six ethics-related domains. Two domains showed statistically significant T0–T2 changes. Trust in AI feedback decreased from 3.86 (0.55) to 3.20 (0.62), with a mean change of − 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.88 to − 0.42), Cohen’s dz = − 1.04 and Holm–Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.001. Room to question AI outputs increased from 2.71 (0.68) to 3.67 (0.58), with a mean change of 0.96 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.23), Cohen’s dz = 1.29 and Holm–Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.001. The remaining four domains showed small, non-significant changes after Holm–Bonferroni correction. T2 open-text responses indicated that students recognised the formative value of AI feedback while emphasising critical use, teacher supervision, preservation of interpersonal interaction and clearer data governance. This exploratory longitudinal empirical ethics survey showed that, following participation in an AI-supported doctor–patient communication learning pathway, two of the six ethics-related domains showed statistically significant changes: trust in AI feedback decreased, while perceived room to question AI outputs increased. These findings support continued attention to ethics-focused evaluation and clear governance arrangements in AI-supported learning pathways.

As exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, the design and implementation of data-driven health surveillance, like digital contact tracing (DCT) apps, carry significant implications for society. However, its rushed development calls for careful consideration from all involved stakeholders to achieve a shared understanding and engage in joint-sensemaking in order to implement DCT collaboratively and effectively utilize it in the fight against the pandemic. Yet, the empirical ground truth and theoretical mechanism of joint-sensemaking are both unclear. Drawing on this gap, this article applies a multistep approach, including sentiment analysis, topic analysis coupled with regression and unique network analysis, to thoroughly explore, examine, and explain the dynamic process of joint-sensemaking in the context of a public crisis. Based on evidence from 113,264 Weibo posts, we illustrate two joint-sensemaking pathways and three key interventions using the case of China's Health Code in the context of the DCT. We reveal that the effectiveness of different interventions and contributions made by stakeholders vary significantly between different joint-sensemaking pathways. Specifically, we find that official media and opinion leaders act as crucial mediators in bridging intervention conductors and the public. However, their influence presents heterogeneity toward different network modularity, thus leading to distinct patterns. Additionally, inconsistent with previous literature, we find that within the context of the China Health Code, official media has a greater impact on opinion leaders in engaging the public.

As exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, the design and implementation of data-driven health surveillance, like digital contact tracing (DCT) apps, carry significant implications for society. However, its rushed development calls for careful consideration from all involved stakeholders to achieve a shared understanding and engage in joint-sensemaking in order to implement DCT collaboratively and effectively utilize it in the fight against the pandemic. Yet, the empirical ground truth and theoretical mechanism of joint-sensemaking are both unclear. Drawing on this gap, this article applies a multistep approach, including sentiment analysis, topic analysis coupled with regression and unique network analysis, to thoroughly explore, examine, and explain the dynamic process of joint-sensemaking in the context of a public crisis. Based on evidence from 113,264 Weibo posts, we illustrate two joint-sensemaking pathways and three key interventions using the case of China's Health Code in the context of the DCT. We reveal that the effectiveness of different interventions and contributions made by stakeholders vary significantly between different joint-sensemaking pathways. Specifically, we find that official media and opinion leaders act as crucial mediators in bridging intervention conductors and the public. However, their influence presents heterogeneity toward different network modularity, thus leading to distinct patterns. Additionally, inconsistent with previous literature, we find that within the context of the China Health Code, official media has a greater impact on opinion leaders in engaging the public.

As it has become more and more urgent to solve the problems of environmental protection, we consider it necessary to conduct multilevel studies to examine the impact of business strategy on both employees’ and firms’ performances in environmental protection. Synthesizing the perspectives of strategic orientation, corporate strategy, and firm performance, we propose a comprehensive theoretical model linking market orientation and environmental performance. Based on a survey of 134 matched chief executive officers, senior marketing managers and frontline workers from Chinese firms, we found that market orientation positively affects environmental strategy which, in turn, influences both environmental product quality and employees’ environmental involvement. These latter two variables consequently have a positive influence on environmental performance. At the same time, environmental commitment moderates the link between market orientation and environmental strategy.

Trait self-esteem (TSE) is an important personality resource for emotion regulation, yet the neural correlates of TSE and emotion regulation remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the neural correlates of TSE with different emotion regulation strategies and identify different brain areas involved in the particular strategies. We accordingly adopted the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis to uncover the neural pathways linking TSE and emotion regulation. 235 young adults (45.9% females, Mage = 21.58) were guided to undergo the MRI scans and then complete the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire formed by two dimensions: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. The results showed that TSE was positively correlated with left superior frontal gyrus (lSFG)-right middle frontal gyrus (rMFG) rsFC. Further mediation analysis indicated a mediated role of lSFG-rMFG rsFC in the link between TSE and cognitive reappraisal. In contrast, TSE was negatively correlated with the right frontal pole (rFP)-right precentral gyrus (rPrcG) rsFC, which played a mediated role in the link between TSE and expressive suppression. Overall, our findings suggest the neurofunctional underpinnings behind the preference for cognitive reappraisal in individuals with higher TSE, while individuals with lower TSE exhibit a greater propensity towards employing expressive suppression.

This article criticizes the pragmatist theory of progress developed by Rahel Jaeggi and argues for a psychologist alternative. In her theory, Jaeggi rejects both moralist and historicist understandings of progress, arguing that progress should be regarded as a non-teleological process of experience enrichment. However, by identifying progress with problem-solving activities, Jaeggi explicitly makes a parallelist argument between social-moral and scientific progress, which is highly questionable. In this analysis, I argue that Jaeggi's analogy fails. And by referring to Kuhn's notion of incommensurability, I demonstrate a more radical, psychologist approach, which departs from any idea of experience enrichment in history. The lack of a sufficient account of progress is not the failure of Kuhn. In contrast, it is his very own insight.

In the Introduction, I have sketched the proposal that social consciousness, as a concept inherited from Karl Marx’s historical materialism, could be reinterpreted in light of the collective intentionality hypothesis. Moreover, by understanding social consciousness as a constituent part of collective intentionality, we can reconstruct the theoretical fruits of the young Marx and develop a naturalist theory of society with respect to the “essential power” of human conscious and sensuous activities. This proposal, I believe, is helpful not only for studying social consciousness but also for studies of collective intentionality. However, before we directly apply the collective intentionality hypothesis to the reinterpretation, some explanations regarding the issue “what is the Intentionality, and how is collective intentionality brought about?” are needed. To answer these questions, a historical examination of the conception of Intentionality is necessary.

The aim of this chapter is to further reconstruct Searle’s theory of Intentionality. By proposing his principle of psychological reduction and the basic intentional states of belief and desire, Searle also analyzes the intentional characters in other human activities. The most important forms of intentional activities are intentional perception and intentional action. Searle’s elaborations on perception and action conclude with two crucial theses about Intentionality. First, Intentionality immanently involves a special kind of causal relation. Second, intentional activities are possible only under the condition of the preexistence of background. These two theses jointly lead the studies of Intentionality to the issues of normativity.

When Marx tried to interpret human history as the self-creation and movement of human practices, he “opposes [his theory] to both idealism and the older forms of materialism” (Wellmer 1976, p. 231). Unfortunately, the approach Marx developed in his early years is abandoned by himself. His understanding of human practices was confined to a narrow perspective of material production. Instead of developing the conception of “naturalism,” he argues later that human individuals are fully determined by their social relations and modes of production. In the end, the concepts of material production and human labor are “materialized” further as the continuous development of productive force, which is independent of human will. In the orthodox version of Marxism, social consciousness has nothing to do with the natural capacities of humans. It is fully dependent on social existence, in which economic production is the determining basis of all superstructures.

Habermas’s discourse ethics implies a cognitivist assumption that normative claims are justifiable on the basis of communicative reason. This assumption makes an analogy between factual claim to truth and normative claims to rightness. In the communicative action, we can defend or repudiate the legitimacy of one’s normative statement, just as we can defend or repudiate the correctness of one’s factual statement in the instrumental action. Cognitive parallelism is the very foundation of Habermas’s argument. Then, the question is, is this parallelism plausible?

The conclusion of the former part is that collective intentionality and the intersubjective perspective are insufficient to ensure the norms that can form our entire social life. The universal validity of normativity should be found beyond the objective scale of Intentionality. For Searle, that means an ultimate constitution of political institution. He believes that the state’s authority builds the foundation of other social norms. Under political domination, all social institutions and members can be controlled and guided to the rules that the state has made. In this sense, the universal validity of norms is ensured by the universal exercise of political power. Searle’s view is similar to Hegel’s, who also claims that the state means the highest realization of human ethical life. To summarize their common ideas, we can conclude a “Searle–Hegel thesis,” which proposes that the political authority is the highest and ultimate form of normative order.

Searle’s theory of social construction eventually indicates that normativity must be sustained through the intentional exercise of power between agents. Only under the constant influence of power relations can we evolve a series of dispositions that are sensitive and responsive to the rules of institutional facts. However, Searle himself does not explicitly account for how the exercise of power operates. He describes the power relation as existing in the background behind normativity but fails to clarify it further.

The previous chapters analyze the theoretical developments of authors ranging from Austin and Searle to Moya, pointing out the achievements and shortcomings of their approaches to intentionality on the subjective level. This analysis shows how preexisting normative rules or conventions can shape the subject’s capacity for intentionality. Put briefly, subjective intentionality may face normative criteria that influence its formation. Therefore, studies of subjective intentionality eventually come to studies of normativity.

The rapid development of computer vision technologies and applications has brought forth a range of social and ethical challenges. Due to the unique characteristics of visual technology in terms of data modalities and application scenarios, computer vision poses specific ethical issues. However, the majority of existing literature either addresses artificial intelligence as a whole or pays particular attention to natural language processing, leaving a gap in specialized research on ethical issues and systematic solutions in the field of computer vision. This paper utilizes bibliometrics and text-mining techniques to quantitatively analyze papers from prominent academic conferences in computer vision over the past decade. It first reveals the developing trends and specific distribution of attention regarding trustworthy aspects in the computer vision field, as well as the inherent connections between ethical dimensions and different stages of visual model development. A life-cycle framework regarding trustworthy computer vision is then presented by making the relevant trustworthy issues, the operation pipeline of AI models, and viable technical solutions interconnected, providing researchers and policymakers with references and guidance for achieving trustworthy CV. Finally, it discusses particular motivations for conducting trustworthy practices and underscores the consistency and ambivalence among various trustworthy principles and technical attributes.

With the advent of the era of artificial intelligence, “scenario” frequently appears in new product development and has gradually become an effective tool for analyzing user needs. However, the reasons for this phenomenon have not been explored in depth. New product development is a creative activity that requires product designers to imagine how people will live in the near future. So, we speculated that a familiar scenario that matches designers’ background can spark their entrepreneurial imaginativeness by empathic simulation and conducted an experiment to research the impact of scenarios on the performance of entrepreneurial imaginativeness. Results of this study confirmed that a familiar scenario did indeed inspire entrepreneurial imaginativeness more than an unfamiliar scenario, especially for high entrepreneurial imaginativeness. This study provided a new respective for understanding the relationship between the empathy process and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and evaluation processes and had practical implications for entrepreneurial practice, especially those that make human life better based on new digital technologies. Finally, we gave some suggestions on enhancing individuals’ entrepreneurial imaginativeness through different familiar scenarios and improving the team performance on creative tasks.

​This book focuses on the formation of human social consciousness and develops a naturalist approach to social normativity. Beginning from Marx's uncompleted concept of social consciousness, the book retrospects the studies about collective intentionality in the area of philosophy of mind and social ontology. Specifically, a reinterpretation of social consciousness with respect to collective intentionality can offer us a new, naturalistic approach to the social formation and normativity. According to the naturalistic approach, we can discern the inner structure of social consciousness as a systematic pattern of Intentionality. Social consciousness involves three levels of development: subjective, objective and absolute. With this new pattern of social consciousness, the “naturalism” of the young Karl Marx can be revived. And by grasping the most essential ability of human Intentionality as the source of social formation, it also makes an interdisciplinary study of social philosophy and philosophy of mind possible.

Adolescents have gradually become a vital group of interacting with social media recommendation algorithms. Although numerous studies have been conducted to investigate negative reactions (both psychological and behavioral reactance) that the dark side of recommendation algorithms brings to social media users, little is known about the resistance intention and behavior based on their agency in the daily process of encountering algorithms. Focusing on the concept of algorithm resistance, this study used a two-path model (distinguishing resistance willingness and resistance intention) to investigate the algorithmic resistance of rural Chinese adolescents (N = 905) in their daily use of short video apps. The findings revealed that the perceived threat to freedom, algorithmic literacy, and peer influence were positively associated with the resistance willingness and intention; while the independent psychology on algorithmic recommendations significantly weakened resistance willingness and intention. Furthermore, this study verified the mediating role of resistance willingness and intention between the above independent variables and resistance behavior. Additionally, the positive impact of resistance willingness on resistance intention was confirmed. In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive approach to further understanding adolescents’ algorithmic resistance awareness and behavior by combining psychological factors, personal competency, and interpersonal influences, as well as two types of resistance reactions (rational and irrational).

Interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems have favorable abilities to cope with uncertainties in many applications. While the block type-reduction under the guidance of inference plays the central role in the systems, Karnik-Mendel iterative algorithms are standard algorithms to perform the type-reduction; however, the high computational cost of type-reduction process may hinder them from real applications. The comparison between the KM algorithms and other alternative algorithms is still an open problem. This paper introduces the related theory of interval type-2 fuzzy sets and discusses the blocks of fuzzy reasoning, type-reduction, and defuzzification of interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems by combining the Nagar-Bardini and Nie-Tan noniterative algorithms for solving the centroids of output interval type-2 fuzzy sets. Moreover, the continuous version of NT algorithms is proved to be accurate algorithms for performing the type-reduction. Four computer simulation examples are provided to illustrate and analyze the performances of two kinds of noniterative algorithms. The NB and NT algorithms are superior to the KM algorithms on both calculation accuracy and time, which afford the potential application value for designer and adopters of type-2 fuzzy logic systems.

Extant research suggests that workplace ostracism has a detrimental impact on the outcomes of employees. However, very little is known about the impact of workplace ostracism on sleep quality. Therefore, this study aimed to address this gap in the literature. By employing the extended stressor-detachment model, we investigated the mediating role of psychological detachment and the moderating role of coping humor. We used a self-report questionnaire and a time-lagged research design to assess employees’ workplace ostracism, coping humor, psychological detachment, and sleep quality. A total of 403 valid questionnaires were obtained from participants in full-time employment in China. As predicted, the results showed that workplace ostracism is negatively associated with psychological detachment, which in turn, impairs sleep quality. We further found that high levels of coping humor buffer the negative effect of workplace ostracism on psychological detachment and sleep quality. In addition, the moderation effect of coping humor on the relationship between workplace ostracism and sleep quality is mediated by psychological detachment. Finally, based upon the results, we discuss the theoretical implications, provide practical proposals for managers and policymakers, and make suggestions for the direction of further research. Keywords: workplace ostracism, coping humor, psychological detachment, sleep quality, mediated moderation model.

This study examines the relationship between Islam and democracy with emphasis on the issue of whether and how Islam has bearings on democratic adjustment speed. Using comprehensive data on 17 Asian countries from 1996 to 2010, the study demonstrates that religion is a significant factor for determining democracy. Results indicate that the level of democracy in Islamic countries is generally lower than that in non-Islamic countries. However, the level of democracy in Islamic countries exhibits an upward trend, whereas that in non-Islamic countries displays a downward trend. Moreover, when benchmark variables are controlled, democratic adjustment in Islamic countries is faster than in non-Islamic countries. Hence, despite the current lower level of democracy in Islamic countries, the results of this study refute the conventional wisdom that Islam hinders democracy. Instead, Islamic countries are highly malleable and exhibit a potential for faster democratic development compared with non-Islamic countries. Results further suggest that Islamic countries can effectively promote democracy by improving education, minimizing the gender gap, controlling population growth, or becoming an oil exporter similar to non-Islamic countries. However, Islamic countries likely own an additional unique advantage in effectively improving democracy – that is, promoting urbanization. This aspect is in contrast to non-Islamic countries where urbanization plays no role in determining democracy.Export citation Request permission.

Due to the development of information technology, music piracy has become an escalating problem. This study attempts to employ the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the social identity theory to investigate the antecedents of downloading pop music illegally from the Internet, the relationship between the intention to illegally download music and the intention to buy music, and the moderating effects of idolatry. Data were collected from 350 teenagers in Northern Taiwan through questionnaire interviews conducted in city centers where teenagers gather. The results of partial least squares (PLS) analyses reconfirm the explanatory power of the TPB model with regard to the pop music illegal downloading behavior. However, it is interesting to note that the intention to illegally download music does not have a significant influence on the intention to buy music. This finding contradicts our common intuitions. Further analyses also reveal that idolatry moderates the relationship between the intention to illegally download music and the intention to buy music. For teenagers with high idolatry, a higher music downloading intention results in a lower buying intention. One possible explanation is the price of music CDs. Several interviews were also held to verify our results. Implications and a discussion are then provided

This is a study of the interpretation of pragmatism by Hu Shih . On several occasions, Hu identified his major intellectual and practical activities in terms of the introduction and application of John Dewey's pragmatism. My inquiry shows that Hu's interpretation of pragmatism, however, embodied a mode of thinking closer to the traditional Chinese Neo-Confucian idea of self-cultivation than to the ideas of Dewey. ;In spite of Hu's adoption of some Deweyan ideas, such as the emphases on method rather than absolute values and on the consequences of actions, while Dewey emphasized the role of objective conditions and aimed at controlling the environment, Hu was more concerned with the ideas and dispositions of the individual and appealed to his/her decision to change the self. As I have illustrated by explicating Hu's ideas concerning scientific method, the study of history, the issue of valuation, and the approach to social and political change, this basic difference between Dewey and Hu had also led to a variety of implications that deserve our attention. ;I have been able to uncover this distinctive character of Hu's thought by identifying the differences that existed between Hu and Dewey, by examining the inner logic of their arguments and their modes of thinking, and by exploring the nature of the pragmatist emphasis on judgment based on the consequences of actions. In addition, I suggest that, rather than consciously propagating this particular mode of thinking, Hu appears to have inherited it from his early education of the Neo-Confucianism of Chu Hsi . Notwithstanding his later changes, Hu retained the same emphasis on the individual's self-effort, an idea which was prominent in the Neo-Confucian idea of self-cultivation and, in Hu's case, was reinforced by his readings of Western sources with respect to the individual's development. At the same time, Hu's predominant interest in philology, his limited concern for social and economic matters, and his inadequate study of Dewey's writings all helped prevent him from breaking through this mode of thinking.