Alireza Salehi-Nejad

Mao Zedong had developed the Three Worlds Theory; however, after the dissolution of Soviet Union, Third World has been used interchangeably with least developed countries and somehow conveys poverty. Nevertheless, the term Third World has also been used to describe some rich countries with very high Gross Domestic Product or even high Human Development Index; therefore, poverty is not always economical, and roots within society. The nature of society is rooted in culture, which is set of ideas, norms, and values; and structure, which is the fundamental organization of society into its institutions, groups, statuses, and roles. While evaluating the difference between “real culture” and “ideal culture”, lead us to understand that cultural values are not always consistent, even within the same society. Global poverty dates back to centuries of plunder and confiscation of land and riches from the indigenous people under the flag of colonialism and exploitation. Over years, exploitation has led the current economic system being funded by the poor through theft of land and natural resources, unfair debt settlement, and unjust taxes on labor and consumption. Social inequality – in sense of distribution of material possessions, money, power, prestige, relationship – whether within societies or among them is a topic at the heart of sociology. The theory of a “Culture of Poverty” describes the combination of factors that perpetuate patterns of inequality and poverty in society. This theory states that living in conditions of prevalent poverty leads to the development of a culture or subculture adapted to those conditions, and characterized by prevalent feelings of vulnerability, dependency, marginality, and feebleness. The myth of the Culture of Poverty, intensifying Cultural Poverty, Cycle of poverty or development trap, insufficiency of materialist information society, necessity of knowledge society, and other key factors in crafting the third world are discussed in this book. “The Third World; Country or People” takes a systematic approach to the analysis of human lives and interactions and evaluates various fields including anthropology, economics, political science, ethnic studies, area studies, gender studies, cultural studies.

Study design This was a qualitative study conducted using an interpretative phenomenological approach. Objectives This study investigated the experience of pregnancy and childbirth in women with spinal cord injury. Setting Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Methods The data were collected using telecommunication and face-to-face semi-structured interviews with eight women with SCI. The study employed the interpretative phenomenological approach suggested by Van Manen in 2016 and thematic analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of the childbearing experience of women with SCI. MAXQDA 10 software was used to manage the collected data. Results Five main themes have emerged from data analysis: “revivification”, “fear and concern of motherhood with SCI”, “flawed health care system”, “maternal experience under a supportive umbrella”, and “strengthening spirituality and religious belief”. Conclusion Childbearing had a positive effect on the family relationship, continuity of marriage, and quality of life following SCI. There are potential benefits in establishing a center that provides consultation on childbearing and childcare for women with SCI. Moreover, training for the medical team, which includes nurses, midwives, and specialists is highly recommended. Further research is needed to expand our understanding of childbearing from the perspectives of healthcare providers.

Culture is the symbolic expressive dimension of social life. British culture refers to the patterns of human activity and symbolism associated with the United Kingdom and its people. In its broadest sense, the term applies to the shared experience that comes from a dynamic mix of ages, races, regions, genders, income levels and interests. There are many textbooks, journals and articles which analyze and comment on different aspects of British culture. However, without carrying out extensive background research, it is often difficult to acquire the basic knowledge on which the debates are founded. Any text about “British culture” must immediately recognize the problematic nature of a concept containing numerous differences as well as similarities. The most commercially popular works are not necessarily the most critically praised or commented upon and many are excluded on these grounds. At the same time, trends do not change simultaneously and any particular “scene” is always plural and varied, with many earlier styles co-existing with more recent ones. This library research tends to offers authoritative research guides annotated bibliography by providing researchers with resource guides to the best available scholarship across a wide variety of subjects. Hence, this paper provides recommendations on the best commentary work on British culture from 2010 to 2014 and a brief introduction to the most prominent monographs in order to provide a route through that vast jungle of sources.

© 2017 International Spinal Cord Society. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Objectives: The burden of care among primary caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury is affected by different factors. We aimed to evaluate the level of burden among caregivers and the association between the caregiver burden and sociodemographic factors of SCI individuals and their caregivers. Setting: Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Methods: The Zarit caregiver burden interview was used to evaluate the level of burden in caregivers through structured face-to-face interviews with 163 individuals with SCI, who were referred to receive outpatient rehabilitation, and their caregivers. Results: The mean of caregivers’ burden score was 38.9±15.2 and 11.7% reported no or little burden, 43.6% reported ’mild-to-moderate’ burden, 33.1% reported ’moderate-to-severe’ burden and 11.7% reported ’severe’ burden of care. There was relationship between the level of injury and occupational status in SCI individuals and caregiver burden score. There was also a positive relationship between the caregiver burden score and duration of injury, the caregivers’ age, and length of time that the current caregiver providing care. There was a negative relationship between the burden and caregiver’s educational level. Conclusions: The burden of care among the caregivers of SCI individuals is a multidimensional issue. The sociodemographic characteristics of individuals with SCI and their caregivers can affect the caregiver’s burden. Many of these factors can be modified to reduce the burden of care.