C. James

We conducted focus groups to assess patient attitudes toward research on medical practices in the context of usual care. We found that patients focus on the implications of this research for their relationship with and trust in their physicians. Patients view research on medical practices as separate from usual care, demanding dissemination of information and in most cases, individual consent. Patients expect information about this research to come through their physician, whom they rely on to identify and filter associated risks. In general, patients support this research, but worry that participation in research involving randomization may undermine individualized care that acknowledges their unique medical histories. These findings suggest the need for public education on variation in practice among physicians and the need for a collaborative approach to the governance of research on medical practices that addresses core values of trust, transparency, and partnership

Presumption and Burden of Proof issues play a unique role in argumentation studies. Particular argumentative methods and techniques may advance or deter a line of reasoning, but burden and presumption issues decide when a line of reasoning is needed at all. There is little doubt that burden and presumption issues are hugely influential in determining the outcome of conflicts. In law, most burden and presumption issues are typically decided well before trials proceed and in fact must be decided in order for trials to go forward. Once the burden and presumption issues are decided, some cases resolve themselves. And so being able to shift the burden of proof or change presumption is a power that seems to be qualitatively different from the power of ordinary argumentative techniques. For it is a power that shapes the rules whereby arguments proceed and the standards by which they are evaluated. Other kinds of arguments take place within the framework established by burden and presumption. Burden and presumption govern argumentation, make it possible, limit and define its outcome.

When culture makes itself at home in motion, where does an anthropologist stand? In a follow-up to The Predicament of Culture, one of the defining books for anthropology in the last decade, James Clifford takes the proper measure: a moving picture of a world that doesn't stand still, that reveals itself en route, in the airport lounge and the parking lot as much as in the marketplace and the museum. In this collage of essays, meditations, poems, and travel reports, Clifford takes travel and its difficult companion, translation, as openings into a complex modernity. He contemplates a world ever more connected yet not homogeneous, a global history proceeding from the fraught legacies of exploration, colonization, capitalist expansion, immigration, labor mobility, and tourism. Ranging from Highland New Guinea to northern California, from Vancouver to London, he probes current approaches to the interpretation and display of non-Western arts and cultures. Wherever people and things cross paths and where institutional forces work to discipline unruly encounters, Clifford's concern is with struggles to displace stereotypes, to recognize divergent histories, to sustain "postcolonial" and "tribal" identities in contexts of domination and globalization. Travel, diaspora, border crossing, self-location, the making of homes away from home: these are transcultural predicaments for the late twentieth century. The map that might account for them, the history of an entangled modernity, emerges here as an unfinished series of paths and negotiations, leading in many directions while returning again and again to the struggles and arts of cultural encounter, the impossible, inescapable tasks of translation.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming, ILP 2000, held in London, UK in July 2000 as past of CL 2000. The 15 revised full papers presented together with an invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from 37 submissions. The papers address all current issues in inductive logic programming and inductive learning, from foundational aspects to applications in various fields like data mining, knowledge discovery, and ILP system design.

The two-volume set LNCS 1842/1843 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV 2000, held in Dublin, Ireland in June/July 2000. The 116 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from a total of 266 submissions. The two volumes offer topical sections on recognitions and modelling; stereoscopic vision; texture and shading; shape; structure from motion; image features; active, real-time, and robot vision; segmentation and grouping; vision systems engineering and evaluation; calibration; medical image understanding; and visual motion.

For my dissertation, I analyze the impact of English philosopher Stephen Toulmin's 1958 The Uses of Argument on philosophy and rhetoric. Because Toulmin holds that arguments must be assessed in relation to their original contexts, I begin by examining the intellectual context surrounding The Uses of Argument. I trace the development of formal, symbolic logic from the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the middle of the twentieth century. I argue that Toulmin was inspired by the work of ordinary language philosophers such as Ludwig Wittgenstein; with The Uses of Argument, Toulmin challenges the mathematical, deductive, and positivistic logics of philosophers such as Rene Descartes and Bertrand Russell. Next, I consider features of The Uses of Argument that are overlooked or misunderstood by critics and reviewers, including Toulmin's discussion of probability, field-dependent and independent aspects of arguments, and epistemological theory. ;After finding that many of the reviews of Toulmin's work were not as critical as recent scholars of rhetoric have portrayed, I evaluate the various ways philosophers and speech communication scholars have responded to Toulmin's arguments. Before examining composition scholars' uses of Toulmin, I briefly trace the development of argumentation in composition instruction. Then, I evaluate the wide range of reactions to and uses of Toulmin's work by composition scholars. ;Finally, having examined the intellectual history, the critical reception, and the variety of scholarly applications of The Uses of Argument, I offer my own application of Toulmin's work. I explain that good, "Toulmin-inspired" arguments are contextual, supported, and multi-sided. Using student examples from my freshman composition courses, I demonstrate how students and I have used Toulmin's schema in several stages of the writing process, including invention and revision. I conclude that while Toulmin's work has had a significant impact on argumentation theory and pedagogy, rhetoricians---particularly composition scholars---have not yet fully realized the rhetorical and epistemological implications of The Uses of Argument.

This work examines the existential social ontology of Martin Heidegger. The main argument is that there is in Being and Time an extended construction of a concept of social Dasein, and that this concept of social Dasein is employed in hitherto neglected ways in Heidegger's political writings. ;The argument is made primarily through an interpretation which identifies, analyzes and orders into concepts the many references to individuality and sociality in Being and Time and in Heidegger's political writings. ;Part one of the work treats the social ontology of Being and Time. Chapter one sets forth the thesis against the background of the dominant interpretations found in the Heidegger literature, and defines "social Dasein" in terms of Heidegger's own social vocabulary. Chapter two argues that there is a primacy of being-with in understanding, state-of-mind and worldhood itself, as well as in falling and co-Dasein. Chapter three treats Dasein in its individual ways of existing, and ends with some conclusions about selfhood and its relation to social change. Chapter four analyses the relation of individuality and sociality in Dasein's "full authentic historizing," and offers some conclusions about the structure and limits of authentic sociality. ;Part two treats Heidegger's political writings in the light of the concept of social Dasein. Chapter five interprets the " wissenschaftliches Dasein " of the Rectoral address as in fact a mode of social Dasein. Chapter six further traces the development of Heidegger's social ontology in a speech and essay which treat international understanding in terms of the concept of the Dasein of a Volk. ;The conclusion of the work argues that Heidegger's conceptions of the role of wissenschaftliches Dasein in society and of the Volk as an existential feature of Dasein whereby social Dasein is sustained are not only incompatible with Nazi ideas but subversive of them.

Alexius Meinong's Theory of Objects is known to the Anglo-American philosophical community almost exclusively through Bertrand Russell's criticism of the theory in "On Denoting" and later works, and even though certain recent writers have urged that the interpretive tradition intitated by Russell is importantly in error, no interpretation designed to present Meinongianism as a coherent genuine alternative to the Russellian tradition in semantics has yet been offered. This study contributes to such an alternative interpretation, employing a combination of historical and philosophical arguments. ;The introduction aspires to set the discussion in the broader context of two general approaches to semantics: the atomistic picture of Russell among others, and the holistic picture of Quine, Wittgenstein, and Rorty, among others. The author insinuates that Meinong's views are best understood and defended against the background of a holistic approach. ;The first chapter offers a synoptic view of Russell's Theory of Descriptions. The author argues that throughout his career Russell presupposed the very semantical views he claimed to have found objectionable in Meinong, views here dubbed the Naive Theory of Meaning. The discussion falls into three broad parts: a demonstration of the presence of the Naive Theory in Russell's early Principles of Mathematics; a discussion of the persistence of the Naive Theory in "On Denoting," directed against Russell's claim that that theory was eliminated by the Theory of Descriptions; and an examination of the later entanglement of the Naive Theory with the notion of acquaintance in the writings after "On Denoting." An appendix to the chapter refutes objections and dismisses alternatives to the interpretation offered here. ;The second chapter employs extended exegetical arguments to demonstrate that Meinong's Theory of Objects not only does not embody the Naive Theory of Meaning, but is grounded in an explicit and categorical rejection of that theory. It is explained that Meinong's notion of Aussersein is not, as Russell appeared to suppose, an ontological category, and an alternative is presented on which it appears as an ontologically neutral linguistic category. It is suggested, futhermore, that such an interpretation is consistent with holism and inconsistent with atomism. An appendix to the chapter refutes two carefully selected alternative interpretations of Meinong's theory. ;The third chapter lays down conditions, grounded in the exegesis of the second chapter, that a view must satisfy in order to be called Meinongian. The resulting range of views is clarified and an objection concerning the consequences for quantification theory considered in detail. Though any of several responses to the objection are considered viable, it is argued that the most powerfully is one that involves mirroring as closely as possible the paradigmatic philosophical interpretation of quantification theory that derives from W. V. O. Quine. It is further argued that such mirroring results in an interpretation involving only a small departure from Quinean doctrine, namely the suspension of the classical rule of existential generalization and its replacement with an analogous rule typical of sytems of free logic, and that such an interpretation is suitable for Meinongianism. An appendix to the chapter presents a sketch of a formal model appropriate for the claims made in the body of the chapter.

In this book, James M. Cahalan examines gender issues in the writings and in the lives of a dozen notable Irish authors and their fictional characters. Covering literature from the late nineteenth century to the present, he seeks to close the gender gap in Irish literary history by pairing similar works of fiction by both men and women. The author addresses, for instance, how women writers' characterizations of men compare with men's representations of women. Sensitive to other distinctions such as class and region, Cahalan reveals differences in perceptions of shared subjects—such as politic and autobiography—to illuminate a series of "double visions." Contents include readings of the Aran Islands narratives of Emily Lawle s and Liam O'Flaherty; the comic fictions and serious careers of Somerville and Ross and James Joyce; the coming-of-age novels of Edna O'Brien and John McGahern and Brian Moore; and "Troubles" novels by four authors—Jennifer Johnston and Bernard MacLaver ty, and Julia O'Faolain and William Trevor. The book's introduction is a far-ranging critique of feminist criticism and gender issues in Irish cultural history, while the conclusion touches on several other recent Irish novels and films.