Matti Eklund

My focus here will be Rudolf Carnap’s views on ontology, as these are presented in the seminal “Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology” (1950). I will first describe how I think Carnap’s distinction between external and internal questions is best understood. Then I will turn to broader issues regarding Carnap’s views on ontology. With certain reservations, I will ascribe to Carnap an ontological pluralist position roughly similar to the positions of Eli Hirsch and the later Hilary Putnam. Then I turn to some interrelated arguments against the pluralist view. The arguments are not demonstrative. Some possible escape routes for the pluralist are outlined. But I think the arguments constitute a formidable challenge. There should be serious doubt as to whether the pluralist view, as it emerges after discussion of these arguments, will be worth defending. Moreover, there is an alternative ontological view which equally well subserves the motivations underlying ontological pluralism.

The basic elements of this framework were elaborated upon and defended at some length in Wright’s Truth and Objectivity —henceforth, T&O—which was a marvelous book. The present volume of essays, almost all previously published and including some that predate T&O, continues to discuss the same themes, and is, in virtue of the significance of the ideas discussed and the high level of the discussion, likewise a very important work. The collection is divided into five parts: Realism Reconfigured, Replies to Critics, Ethics, Truth, and Response-Dependence and Cognitive Command. The oldest essay in the collection is “Realism, Anti-Realism, Irrealism, Quasi-Realism,” in section 1, Wright’s 1987 Gareth Evans Memorial Lecture in Oxford. This essay, as well as “Moral Values, Projection, and Secondary Qualities,” from 1988, predates T&O itself. The only previously unpublished material is the latter part of “Minimalism and Deflationism,” in section 4, an essay edited from material from different sources. Each section of the book begins with an introduction, but the introductions contain only brief summaries of the papers.