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34The Relation Between Factual and Counterfactual ConditionalsCognitive Science 42 (7): 2205-2228. 2018.
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33Mental models and syllogismsBehavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (3): 543-546. 1996.We resolve the two problems that Hardman raises. The first problem arises from a misunderstanding: the crucial distinction is between one-model and multiple-model problems. The second problem illuminates a deeper principle: conclusions depend on the procedures for interpreting models. We describe an algorithm that obviates the problem and empirical work that reveals a new view of syllogistic reasoning
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29The interaction between reasoning and decision making: an introductionCognition 49 (1-2): 1-9. 1993.
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29Semantic primitives for emotions: A Reply to Ortony and CloreCognition and Emotion 4 (2): 129-143. 1990.
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28Why models rather than rules give a better account of propositional reasoning: A reply to Bonatti and to O'Brien, Braine, and YangPsychological Review 101 (4): 734-739. 1994.
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26Illusions in ReasoningMinds and Machines 27 (1): 11-35. 2017.Some philosophers argue that the principles of human reasoning are impeccable, and that mistakes are no more than momentary lapses in “information processing”. This article makes a case to the contrary. It shows that human reasoners commit systematic fallacies. The theory of mental models predicts these errors. It postulates that individuals construct mental models of the possibilities to which the premises of an inference refer. But, their models usually represent what is true in a possibility,…Read more
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26Interaction of positive and negative labels with category composition in attribute identification concept performanceJournal of Experimental Psychology 102 (6): 1035. 1974.
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25A model theory of modal reasoningCognitive Science 22 (1): 25-51. 1998.This paper presents a new theory of modal reasoning, i.e. reasoning about what may or may not be the case, and what must or must not be the case. It postulates that individuals construct models of the premises in which they make explicit only what is true. A conclusion is possible if it holds in at least one model, whereas it is necessary if it holds in all the models. The theory makes three predictions, which are corroborated experimentally. First, conclusions correspond to the true, but not th…Read more
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25Effects of category composition and response label on attribute identification concept performanceJournal of Experimental Psychology 101 (2): 289. 1973.
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23Will There Be Any Neat Solutions to Small Problems in Cognitive Science?Cognitive Science 3 (2): 173-176. 1979.
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23Conditional and biconditional rule difficulty under selection and reception conditionsJournal of Experimental Psychology 89 (2): 424. 1971.
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22Strategies in sentential reasoningCognitive Science 26 (4): 425-468. 2002.Four experiments examined the strategies that individuals develop in sentential reasoning. They led to the discovery of five different strategies. According to the theory proposed in the paper, each of the strategies depends on component tactics, which all normal adults possess, and which are based on mental models. Reasoners vary their use of tactics in ways that have no deterministic account. This variation leads different individuals to assemble different strategies, which include the constru…Read more
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21Models, necessity, and the search for counterexamplesBehavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (4): 775-777. 1994.
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20The Meaning of ModalityCognitive Science 2 (1): 17-26. 1978.This paper describes a semantics for modal terms such as can and may that is intended to model the mental representation of their meaning. The basic assumption of the theory is that the evaluation of a modal assertion involves an attempted mental construction of a specified alternative to a given situation rather than the separate evaluation of each member of a set of possible alternatives as would be required by a “possible worlds” semantics. The theory leads to the conclusion that, contrary to…Read more
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17Reasoning by model: The case of multiple quantificationPsychological Review 96 (4): 658-673. 1989.
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15Factors affecting transfer in concept-identification problemsJournal of Experimental Psychology 72 (5): 655. 1966.
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14Erratum: Descriptions and Discourse ModelsLinguistics and Philosophy 4 (1): 157-157. 1980.This piece is simply an erratum published to correct in error in the paper "Descriptions and discourse models" by Phil Johnson-Laird and Alan Garnham in Linguistics and Philosophy.
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13Effects of category attention, relative frequency of relevant values, and practice on attribute identification performanceJournal of Experimental Psychology 103 (1): 160. 1974.
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University of New MexicoRegular Faculty
Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
Areas of Interest
Epistemology |
Philosophy of Cognitive Science |