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Articles by reviewing Theodore and Tu Wei-ming of the Confucian contribution to the world to discuss the research world in the process of Confucianism Confucianism's "genuine" and "new color, the smell" of relations, Confucianism unique problems, trying to a point to meet the spy case studies from the world of Confucian values. Reviewing Wing-tsit Chan and Tu Wei-ming's contributions to Confucianism in the world, the author of this paper deals with the relationsip between the original and the new in the world-wide study of Confucian school, and the unique of the school. The author tries to discuss the world-wide value of Confucianism by the study of Wing-tsit Chan and Tu Wei-ming's researches on Confucianisn

Light of modern feminist action-theory, has been facing challenges in theory. Constantly reflect on feminism, raise the level of theory, a feminist in the contemporary development of a major key. First, the "new relationship" theory as analytic philosophy "on the thinking of 'scientific' research 'approach, to correct feminist gender analysis in the one-sidedness; Second, the modern Western political philosophy on equality issues, put forward a new theoretical analysis, modern feminist gender studies, the same can not ignore these new theoretical results; three feminist "Space" and "Field" to introduce the concept of gender studies, as a breakthrough. It is a crux for the development of modem to resolve some theoretic questions since the feminists are always up against the theoretic challenges. Firstly, the Theory of New Relationships can be regarded as a guide to correct the unilateral mistakes in gender study. Secondly, Modem Politics Philosophy is helpful and useful for the sexual equality study. Thirdly, it is a breakthrough for feminists to study the idea of ​​space and locality in the field of gender study.

Inconsistent or contradictory information is quite common in modern information technology such as the Web or unstructured databases. In this paper, we employ two levels of epistemic logics to provide logical foundations for evidential reasoning with this kind of information. The first-level logic is the well-known Belnap–Dunn four-valued logic. This logic provides a formalism for reasoning about both incomplete and contradictory information. In addition to the two standard Boolean truth values T and F, there are two new values: N and B. They are used to designate incomplete and contradictory information, respectively. The four-valued logic is externally epistemic in the sense that the truth values are intended to reflect what the agents may have been informed about and are passed over to the agents from the external environment. By using the semantics for this logic, we enrich Carnap’s universe for consistent information by replacing standard possible worlds with states, set-ups or situations where a proposition may be both true and false. We shall call such a universe a Belnap–Dunn universe. The second-level logic is epistemic logic S5. When the information is uncertain and imprecise, it usually fails to provide probability values for every subset of the Belnap–Dunn universe. Probabilities are defined only on those subsets which are known with certainty. We employ epistemic logic S5 to distinguish those known subsets and to characterize the notion that such known part of the information improves our knowledge by reducing the scope of possible valid states. S5 is internally epistemic in the sense that the knowledge is determined by the agents. Probabilistic reasoning with the combination of the four-valued logic and epistemic logic S5 is nothing but evidential reasoning over bilattices or de Morgan lattices.

The aim of this study was to explore the influence of different intensities of acute aerobic exercise on brain activation in male methamphetamine -dependent patients during exercise. Twenty MA-dependent patients were divided randomly into two groups participating in 35 min of either moderate- or high-intensity aerobic exercise. Functional near-infrared spectral imaging was used to detect hemodynamic changes in prefrontal cortex during the main 25-min exercise stage. The results revealed that high-intensity acute aerobic exercise aroused more cerebral oxygenation changes in the prefrontal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during exercise as compared with moderate-intensity exercise. Furthermore, there was a stronger positive connection observed between orbital frontal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the high-intensity group than in the moderate-intensity group. Together these results suggest that for submaximal exercise intensities, high-intensity exercise may bring more benefits to male MA-dependent patients than moderate-intensity.

Background: It is acknowledged that publishers now require all primary research papers to demonstrate that they have obtained ethical approval for their research. Objectives: To assess the rate of reporting of ethical approval in clinical trials in core nursing journals in mainland China. Research design: A retrospective observational study. Participants: All clinical trials published in all of the 12 core nursing periodicals from 2016 edition China Science and Technology Journal Citation Report (core version) between 2013 and 2016 were retrieved by hand to explicate rate of reporting ethical approval and informed consent. Ethical considerations: The study did not require approval from the research ethics committee as it did not involve human subjects or records. Results: In total, 40,278 papers were published in 12 nursing periodicals between 2013 and 2016. Out of these, 9488 (23.6%) focused on clinical trials. Informed consent obtained from patients or the legally authorized representative was reported in 51.8% of clinical trials. Notably, only 27.4% of clinical trials reported that they had obtained written consent. Furthermore, 25.9% of clinical trials described ethical approval; however, the rate of reporting informed consent and ethical approval in these 12 nursing journals in China during 4 years from 2013 to 2016 improved markedly, with 38.1%, 44.0%, 59.0% and 66.6%, respectively ( p < 0.001), and 17.6%, 21.9%, 28.6% and 35.8%, respectively ( p < 0.001). In addition, both reporting informed consent and reporting written informed consent had a positive significant correlation with the reporting ethical approval ( p < 0.05 or < 0.01). Conclusion: Chinese scientific nursing journals have improved the rate of reporting informed consent and ethical approval in clinical trials during the last 4 years. However, it should be noted that nearly half of clinical trials still did not report either ethical approval or whether informed consent was obtained. Efforts from editors, researchers, sponsors and authors are needed to ensure the transparency of ethical scrutiny and adherence to ethical guidelines in publishing clinical trials in Chinese nursing journals.

Background Ethical considerations play a prominent role in the protection of human subjects in clinical research. To date the disclosure of ethical protection in clinical research published in the international nursing journals has not been explored. Our research objective was to investigate the reporting of ethical approval and informed consent in clinical research published in leading international nursing journals. Methods This is a retrospective observational study. All clinical research published in the five leading international nursing journals from the SCI Journal Citation Reports between 2015 and 2017 were retrieved to evaluate for evidence of ethical review. Results A total of 2041 citations have been identified from the contents of all the five leading nursing journals that were published between 2015 and 2017. Out of these, 1284 clinical studies have been included and text relating to ethical review has been extracted. From these, most of prospective clinical studies discussed informed consent. Only half of those reported that written informed consent had been obtained; few reported oral consent, and few used other methods such as online consent or completion and return of data collection to denote assent. Notably, 36.2% of those did not describe the method used to obtain informed consent and merely described that “consent was obtained from participants or participants agreed to join in the research”. Furthermore, whilst most of clinical studies mentioned ethical approval; 92.5% of those stated the name of ethical committee and interestingly, only 37.1% of those mentioned the ethical approval reference. The rates of reporting ethical approval were different between different study type, country, and whether financial support was received. Conclusion The reporting of ethics in leading international nursing journals demonstrates progress, but improvement of the transparency and the standard of ethical reporting in nursing clinical research is required.

This article reports on a study that took a Dynamic Systems Theory perspective to second language motivational self system. More specifically, it investigated the influence of an Intensive English Reading course based on the Production-Oriented Approach upon the L2MSS of Chinese university English majorsfrom the DST perspective. To this end, two intact classes composed of 50 students were assigned into experimental group and control group, who responded to an L2MSS scale before and after the one-semester intervention. Eight and five students were respectively selected using the purposive sampling method from the experimental and control groups for follow-up semi-structured interviews. The quantitative results revealed that the overall and dimensional levels of L2MSS were significantly strengthened over time in the EG while kept stable in the CG. The qualitative results suggested that the enhanced Ideal L2 Self of the participants stemmed from an attractor basin that was deepened by a number of attractors encompassing Output Tasks and Peer Performance. The interview results also showed that the increased L2 Learning Experience of the participants pertained to an attractor basin that was consolidated by an array of attractors containing Output Tasks, Teacher Guidance, Group Discussion, and Peer Assessment. The findings indicated that the attractors at the subjective and social dimensions in the POA-based course collectively worked together to cause changes in L2MSS among the participants. The implications for intervening L2 motivation from a POA approach in English as a Foreign Language classrooms were discussed.

The relationship between coping styles and subjective well-being has recently received considerable empirical and theoretical attention in the scientific literature. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship have primarily remained unclear. The present research aimed to determine whether emotion regulation mediated the relationship between coping styles and subjective well-being. Our hypothesis is based on the integration of theoretical models among 1,247 Chinese college students. The SWB questionnaire, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used to correlate SWB, emotion regulation strategies, and coping styles, respectively. The random forest method was applied to predict life satisfaction and estimate the average variable importance to life satisfaction. The results indicated that positive coping can indirectly influence life satisfaction via cognitive reappraisal and indirectly influence expression suppression via positive affect. Negative coping can indirectly influence negative affect via expression suppression. Besides, negative coping was positively associated with both expression suppression and negative affect. Cognitive reappraisal was found to be positively associated with positive affect. The findings indicated that coping style is essential for the SWB of college students. These findings provide insight into how coping styles impact SWB and have implications for developing and assessing emotion regulation-based interventions.

We study the modal properties of intuitionistic modal logics that belong to the provability logic or the preservativity logic of Heyting Arithmetic. We describe the □-fragment of some preservativity logics and we present fixed point theorems for the logics iL and iPL, and show that they imply the Beth property. These results imply that the fixed point theorem and the Beth property hold for both the provability and preservativity logic of Heyting Arithmetic. We present a frame correspondence result for the preservativity principle Wp that is related to an extension of Löb's principle

Contemporary Western philosophy of science is formed via the multifarious interconnections and interactions between logical positivism and the various schools of thought represented by Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, P. Feyerabend, and so on. It is a philosophical rethinking of contemporary natural science symbolized by Non-Euclidean geometry, the quantum theory of physics and mechanics, and the theory of relativity. In historical terms, one can trace the steps of their philosophy of science back to the eighteenth century. The relationship of the thought of David Hume and Immanuel Kant, for example, to classical natural science is similar to the relationship that exists between the various philosophical schools of thought that we have just mentioned and contemporary natural science. In these terms, we may very well consider Kant's and Hume's philosophy as "classical philosophies of science." In fact, Kant's "philosophy of criticism" was, in its entirety, a philosophical examination of classical natural science.