José Martínez

El artículo contiene algunas de las reflexiones de Domingo de Soto en torno a los deberes de los jueces. Desde sus postulados teológicos y jurídicos, nuestro autor aborda diferentes problemáticas procesales defendiendo la presunción de inocencia y la utilización de la equidad y de la prudencia en la práctica jurisdiccional. También se manifiesta en contra de la tortura judicial y del recurso a la íntima convicción para justificar las sentencias. Al analizar los comentarios de este teólogo, y sus silencios, se pondrá de manifiesto la distorsión entre la idealidad de algunos de sus planteamientos y la realidad de la aplicación de la ley por los tribunales de la Castilla del siglo XVI, un periodo, jurídicamente muy complejo, caracterizado por el auge del proceso inquisitivo. Palabras clave: deberes judiciales, presunción de inocencia, tortura judicial, equidad.

There is currently a general consensus on the existence of a scope of discretion, the extent of which is debated but in our opinion is high, available to the judge to apply the law. This leads to the need to analyze the extra-legal factors, from the ideology and social background of the judge to his or her political loyalties or personal ambitions, which may have an impact on his or her independence and lead to unreasonable sentences that are highly detrimental to the judiciary or the public in general. In short, it is essential to promote judicial independence through specific legislative measures, and to this end we will devote this paper to examining in detail the threats to such independence and proposing regulatory solutions to address them.

Although possible worlds semantics is a powerful tool to represent the semantic properties of natural language sentences, it has been often argued that it is too coarse: with the tools that possible worlds semantics puts at our disposal, any relevant semantic difference has to be a truth conditional difference representable as a difference in intension. A case that raises questions about the ability of possible worlds semantics to make the appropriate discriminations is the distinction between rigidity and direct reference, an issue deeply connected to the representation of the behavior of two operators: ‘dthat’ and ‘actually’. Differences between the mode of operation of ‘dthat’ and ‘actually’ have been observed, but they have not been examined in depth. Our purpose is to explore systematically to what extent the observed differences between the two operators have truth conditional consequences that are formally representable in possible worlds semantics.

Durante la última década, las pretensiones independentistas de una parte de la sociedad catalana han tomado como soporte jurídico-político el pretendido «derecho a decidir» del pueblo catalán, empleando además la desobediencia a las leyes del Estado español como medida de presión para lograr su reconocimiento. El presente trabajo analizará el fundamento y posible justificación de tales pretensiones desde una triple perspectiva: constitucional, filosófico-jurídica y de Derecho Internacional. También trataremos la calificación filosófico-jurídica de los actos de desobediencia llevados a cabo por cargos institucionales y ciudadanos independentistas, planteando finalmente las soluciones jurídico-políticas que, a nuestro juicio, podrían resolver el conflicto existente.

The last decades have envisioned a shift in the framework that guides different psychological concepts, including those related to well-being, mental health and pathology. Critical Psychology (Pavón-Cuellar, Critical psychology and social struggle: past, present, future. Poiésis, 37, 19–34, 2019; Teo & Wendt, Some clarifications on critical and Indigenous psychologies, Theory & Psychology, 30(3) 371–376., 2020) in line with Decolonial Feminism (Davis, Women, race and class: An activist perspective, Women’s Studies Quarterly,10(4), 5, 1982; hooks, Black women: Shaping feminist theory. In J. James & T. D. Sharpley-Whiting (Eds.), The black feminist reader (pp. 132–133). Blackwell, 2000) has questioned the pertinence and usefulness of traditional psychological categories for approaching the contemporary human psyche, interactions and suffering. Based on an ontology of rationality and individuality and built with positivistic methodologies that in most cases objectify human beings by the labour of statistics and generalisation (Arocha, Scientific realism and the issue of variability in behavior, Theory & Psychology, 31(3) 375–39, 2021), hegemonic psychology has assembled an idea of psychological needs, well-being and mental health that, critical psychologists argue, in some cases pathologies many ways of being and feeling of non-Western male subjects.Underlying this new paradigm of psychology is the idea that human experience lies not exclusively in the depth of individual processes but in the socio-cultural and historical conditions that expand or curtail the conditions of possibility for people (Seco-Martínez, From formal equality to material equality. Cuestiones previas y problemas a revisar, Derechos y libertadas, 36 (Época II), 57–89, 2017). Human well-being and suffering, and therefore their scope and remedies, are not only to be found in neural circuits but also in social interactions, cultural values and practices (Vygotski, The genesis of higher mental functions. In J.V. Wertsch (Ed.), The concept of activity in Soviet Psychology. Sharpe, 1981).Migration, and specifically the experience of migrant and racialised women, is one of the fields in which a critical stance on mental issues becomes necessary (Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La frontera: The new mestiza. Aunt Lute books, 1987; Marecek, Invited reflection: Intersectionality theory and feminist psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 177–181, 2016). When attending to “othered” subjects in social, educational or health services, practitioners informed by the categories of classical psychology might outline a pathological reading of migrant women’s symptoms and psychological needs, using diagnostic categories that might not relate to their cultural assumptions and motives (Macías-Gómez-Estern, Critical Psychology for Community Emancipation: Insights from Socio-educative Praxis in Hybrid Settings. In Machin, Raudelio (eds.), New Waves in Social Psychology (pp. 25–54). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021). On the other hand, in claiming to denounce the deprived and oppressive situations suffered by most migrant women, some studies highlight the mental health consequences of their living conditions (Celorio, Mental health and acculturation stress: changes in family and gender roles in Latin American migrant women (Doctoral dissertation, University of Deusto), 2016), showing that their levels of anxiety and depression are higher than those of the local population. However, these accounts have been considered incomplete from more recent feminist and decolonial approaches (Anleu-Hernández & García-Moreno, Migration, resilience and social work: Latin Americans in Tarragona. The British Journal of Social Work, 44 (suppl_1), 88–104, 2014), which consider that the focus on individual mental health problems obscures the interactional, social, spiritual and emotional resources that migrant women can put into action to healthily navigate the domineering circumstances they are going through while caring for others and maintaining affective bonds.In this chapter, we will analyse these accounts related to migrant women’s mental health from a critical and feminist psychology perspective, where the tension between the need to recognise the socio-cultural origin of mental problems (and pathologies) and the urgency of recognising resilience, agency and power in migrant women is at play. Our reflections will be informed by community-based research on migrant women in Spain and Portugal, with a special focus on Latinas as one of the most represented migrant communities in these European countries.

El desarrollo de la tecnología y de la inteligencia artificial provocan desde hace años preguntas éticas y antropológicas. La Suma Teológica de Santo Tomás permite categorizar términos tecnológicos y establecer ontologías en clave filosófica. Con esta metodología de la Suma se va a estudiar aquí el término “metaverso” y sus implicaciones éticas. El artículo aporta además una revisión sistemática de literatura científica para elaborar un mapa de conocimiento desde un punto de vista cualitativo y cuantitativo que visibilice el impacto de esta terminología emergente en la investigación.

El objetivo del agroturismo sostenible en Floridablanca es promover el reconocimiento, protección y ejercicio real de los derechos económicos, sociales, culturales, políticos y ambientales de la población rural, contribuyendo a mejorar su bienestar en términos de calidad de vida, justicia social y acceso a los derechos laborales de las comunidades campesinas. La metodología de análisis está centrada en el diálogo y la proyección de acciones efectivas, con la participación de los actores sociales. Las estrategias son: el fomento del agroturismo, la investigación, preservación y protección de la diversidad biológica y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los pobladores.

The use of omega fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation could be a beneficial strategy to improve health and production in ruminants. In this study, the effect of the dietary addition of c9, t11 and t10, c12 isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in pure soybean oil (T1) was compared with pure soybean oil (T2) and soybean oil discarded after frying fish (Centropomus undecimalis, Pagrus pagrus, and Caranx crysos; T3) on the fatty acid profile in ewe milk and the tissues of their lambs. Forty-five multiparous ewes (East Friesian × Katahdin), 32 to 35 months old, 70 days pregnant, were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental diets. The fatty acid profile, total solids, fat, protein, and lactose in milk were determined 14 days postpartum. Fifteen lambs from each treatment were sacrificed at 70 days of age, and the fatty acid profiles in perirenal fat, muscle, and brain were determined. In milk, fat and total solids content were lower with T1. On the other hand, linoleic acid content, the sum of omega-6 and DHA were higher in T1 compared to other groups (p < 0.05). In the brain, stearic acid and linoleic acid concentration increased with T1; eicosapentaenoic acid decreased and omega-3s increased with T3, while DHA was lower in T2 (p < 0.05). The addition of CLA isomers or discarded soybean oil in ewe diet from pregnancy to lactation is advantageous for the ewe since less energy in the form of milk fat is lost. In addition, increasing the concentration of omega fatty acids in ewe diet to improve omega fatty acids in lamb’s brain could be a feed strategy to increase their productivity and health.

Este artículo examina los rasgos distintivos y vinculantes entre la impartición y administración de justicia a partir de la dimensión humana que les subyace, y discute el impacto que imponen sobre el ejercicio de la función judicial las reglas procedimentales en el caso de la judicatura federal mexicana contemporánea. Asimismo, se revisan las agendas pendientes, vinculadas con la impartición y administración de justicia a partir de las recientes mutaciones de la estructura institucional del poder judicial en México.

This anthology of the very latest research on truth features the work of recognized luminaries in the field, put together following a rigorous refereeing process. Along with an introduction outlining the central issues in the field, it provides a unique and unrivaled view of contemporary work on the nature of truth, with papers selected from key conferences in 2011 such as Truth Be Told (Amsterdam), Truth at Work (Paris), Paradoxes of Truth and Denotation (Barcelona) and Axiomatic Theories of Truth (Oxford).

Resumen: El realismo crítico personalista plantea una nueva idea de juridicidad. Reclama frente a la escisión radical entre teoría y praxis jurídica, entre lo axiológico y lo normativo, entre la realidad y lo objetivo, que esgrime la argumentación kelseniana, una instancia crítica para el derecho positivo: la existencia de la persona humana concreta, (que hace y vive la historia), como fundamento inmediato de todo lo jurídico. Si partimos de la base de que siendo la teoría general del derecho una invención moderna, hasta su culminación en Kelsen, ¿por qué no admitir que pueda ser matizada por otros marcos axiológicos y cognitivos, también modernos, descuidados desde entonces por esa concepción normativista? Por eso, hablamos de “realismo crítico”. Abstract: The personalist critical realism sets out a new idea about legality facing Kelsen’s argument. Kelsen claims a radical separation between legal theory and praxis, between the axiological and the normative, and between reality and objectivity. However, the personalist critical realism proposes a critical starting point: the existence of the real human being, the one who makes and lives history, as the immediate basis of the legal world. If we start from the assumption that the general theory of law is a modern invention, until it reached its highest point with Kelsen; why do not we admit that it can be elaborated by other cognitive frameworks, also modern, which have been ignored since then, by that normative idea? Therefore, we talk about “critical realism”.

Las sociedades liberales contemporáneas generan individuos cada vez más egoístas. Anhelan una realización personal que sólo puede alcanzarse fuera de la comunidad, interpretada, desde el enfoque liberal dominante, como un agente colectivo que reduce la libertad individual. Esta concepción de lo humano desplaza el cuidado hacia uno mismo. Se olvida de preocuparse por los demás y, lo que es más importante, toma medidas para no necesitar ser cuidado por los demás, como si eso fuera posible. El enfoque antropológico de MacIntyre desactiva una parte fundamental de esa visión, reclamando el papel del cuerpo y creando una fenomenología de la vulnerabilidad. Este artículo presenta los aportes que A. MacIntyre ha realizado en el cuidado, concepto cuyo uso está en expansión. Para ello, comenzaremos presentando un breve análisis del cuidado y su tratamiento en relación con el enfoque liberal. Posteriormente, presentaremos la propuesta antropológica de MacIntyre, y nos inspiraremos en ella, para corregir algunas pretensiones contemporáneas de autosuficiencia.

Logical localism is a thesis within philosophy of logic according to which the correct logic is dependent on the topic, domain or subject matter of its application. There is a very straightforward problem for anyone defending a localist thesis, a problem that follows from the fact that we reason across domains. This challenge is known as the problem of mixed inferences. The problem is, very roughly, the following: suppose that there are at least two components, within the premises or conclusion of an argument, belonging to domains governed by different logics. Then, which is the criterion of validity for the mixed argument? Our aim is to offer an answer to this question and, more concretely, a way out to the dilemma that Chase Wrenn has raised in his analysis of the problem of mixed inferences. We will use Joshua Schechter’s method of combining logics, juxtaposition, as the criterion of validity for mixed inferences. After exploring its virtues and possible shortcomings, we argue that juxtaposition is a first step towards a fully-fledged solution, but already a promising way out of the dilemma posed by Wrenn.

The Liar Paradox is a classic argument that creates a contradiction by reflection on a sentence that attributes falsity to itself: ‘this sentence is false’. In our paper we will discuss the ways in which the Liar sentence (and its paradoxical argument) can be represented in first-order logic. The key to the representation is to use first-order logic to model a self-referential language. We will also discuss several related sentences, like the Liar cycles, the empirical versions of the Liar and the Truth teller sentences.

Retraction note: Portilla Martínez, J. C. (2022). Agroturism, a sustainable alternative for the rural sector in Floridablanca, Santander. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Revista Internacional De Humanidades, 12(6), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.3996 The Editorial Office of Eurasia Academic Publishing Group has retracted this article. An investigation carried out by our Research Integrity Department has found a group of articles, among which this one is found, that are not within the thematic scope of the journal. We believe that the editorial process was manipulated and, furthermore, acceptance decisions were made under possibly inappropriate peer review.

En el presente artículo buscamos reflexionar sobre las bases filosóficas que sustentaron el surgimiento del constitucionalismo e inspiran su evolución. Separación de poderes, democracia representativa y participación directa de la ciudadanía en la gestión de los asuntos públicos, garantía de las libertades individuales y los derechos sociales...son premisas que pueden desprenderse de un análisis coherente y extensivo de los valores que han inspirado el fenómeno constitucional, y que paulatinamente han ido materializándose de forma cada vez más concreta en los textos constitucionales y en el discurso de la doctrina iusfilosófica a lo largo del siglo XX

Although a temporal distance of more than two thousands of years, Hellenism and contemporary society show analogous “spirits of time” ; with characteristics such as cultural malaise, loss of the old political and social frameworks, cultural syncretism, or recovery of nature and regulatory framework. Hellenistic ethics emerged as therapeutics that would guide the individual in this crisis of the Greek world. In this paper examines the possibility of using the critical tools of the old cynicism, to apply them therapeutically on the global ecological crisis, created by industrial capitalism. The principles of ancient cynicism can be recycled for a project of degrowth society.