Bernard Baertschi

Distributive justice, like every other value, is not suspended in mid-air: its implementation depends on certain conditions, the well-known ‹circumstances of justice›. In this paper, I attempt to spell them out, first for justice proper, then for international justice. Those circumstances relate to the conceptual parts of justice and are four in number: scarcity, needs and merit, social cooperation, and authority of distribution. As far as international justice is concerned, there is a problem with the last circumstance: as yet no international authority of distribution exists. This does not, however, mean that international justice is impossible or undesirable; only that we have the task to create such an authority.

Recently at the J. Craig Venter Institute, a microorganism has been created through synthetic biology. In the future, more complex living beings will very probably be produced. In our natural environment, we live amongst a whole variety of beings. Some of them have moral status — they have a moral importance and we cannot treat them in just any way we please —; some do not. When it becomes possible to create artificially living beings who naturally possess moral status, will this artificiality modify their status? Many people contend that it will, but I am not of the same mind and will develop three arguments against it.

L'antique question des rapports de l'ame et du corps a ete profondement renouvelee avec Descartes, tellement que, souvent, la solution dualiste qu'il lui a donnee est presentee comme un edifice metaphysique se suffisant a lui-meme. C'est oublier qu'elle s'inscrit dans un mouvement inaugure par l'emergence de la science nouvelle et le rejet de la vision scolastique de la nature. Ce mouvement qui, en France, se developpe en une tradition vigoureuse, avant d'etre supplante par le kantisme et l'idealisme allemand vers le milieu du XIXe siecle, suscite apres Descartes le developpement de la biologie, qui se detache de la physique mecanicienne en s'y opposant, puis de la psychologie. Or, ces sciences induisent deux autres conceptions des rapports psychophysiques: le materialisme avec Diderot et un dualisme renouvele tendant vers un monisme spiritualiste avec Maine de Biran, ce qui indique a quel point la these de l'influence reelle devient difficile a articuler pour qui admet la verite de la science nouvelle.