Kai Wang

Irresponsible research practices damaging the value of science has been an increasing concern among researchers, but previous work failed to estimate the prevalence of all forms of irresponsible research behavior. Additionally, these analyses have not included articles published in the last decade from 2011 to 2020. This meta-analysis provides an updated meta-analysis that calculates the pooled estimates of research misconduct and questionable research practices, and explores the factors associated with the prevalence of these issues. The estimates, committing RM concern at least 1 of FFP and QRPs concern 1 or more QRPs, were 2.9% and 12.5%, respectively. In addition, 15.5% of researchers witnessed others who had committed at least 1 RM, while 39.7% were aware of others who had used at least 1 QRP. The results document that response proportion, limited recall period, career level, disciplinary background and locations all affect significantly the prevalence of these issues. This meta-analysis addresses a gap in existing meta-analyses and estimates the prevalence of all forms of RM and QRPs, thus providing a better understanding of irresponsible research behaviors.

This paper presents the first scientific experiment on the combative function of Taiji. The force generated in a bow stance comes from many factors, two of which are structural force and explosive force. Three scales were used for measurement: the front scale measured the weight borne by the front foot, the rear scale measured the weight borne by the rear foot, and the wall scale measured the horizontal force generated by the bow stance. The experiment consisted of two parts: the structural force and the explosive force of the bow stance. Structural force experiments demonstrate that the bow stance is typically a force-disadvantage lever: the entire body acts as the lever, gravity is the driving force, the structural horizontal force is the resistance, the balance degree is the driving arm, and the connecting hand height is the resistance arm. Therefore, heavier individuals can generate greater structural force. Although gravity is the driving force, the structural horizontal force originates from the friction between the soles of the feet and the ground, continuously transmitted through the entire body to the connecting hand, where the force is applied to the opponent. The wall scale acts as the opponent, objectively measuring the horizontal force. Structural force experiments have proven that the bow stance is suitable for generating pushing force, and the lower the bow stance, the greater the horizontal structural force generated. However, the horizontal structural force generated has an upper limit. This upper limit can be calculated using the simple formula presented in this paper. For more complex situations, the formulas and software described in "Calculating Taiji and Martial Arts" can be used. Explosive force experiments have shown that explosive force is related to the practitioner's skill level. Greater explosive energy, shorter explosion time, and greater body weight result in greater explosive force upon impact. The relationship between explosive force and stance is not significant; in other words, there is not much difference in explosive force whether the stance is a bow stance or a horse stance. The formulas and software in "Calculating Taiji and Martial Arts" can be used to calculate explosive force.

ObjectivesSeveral studies have examined the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on associative memory (AM) but findings were inconsistent. Here, we aimed to test whether twice-daily rTMS could significantly improve AM.MethodsIn this single-blind, sham-controlled experiment, 40 participants were randomized to receive twice-daily sham or real rTMS sessions for five consecutive days (a total of 16,000 pulses). The stimulation target in left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) exhibiting peak functional connectivity to the left hippocampus was individually defined for each participant. Participants completed both a picture-cued word association task and Stroop test at baseline and 1 day after the final real or sham rTMS session. Effects of twice-daily rTMS on AM and Stroop test performance were compared using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance with main factors Group (real vs. sham) and Time (baseline vs. post-rTMS).ResultsThere was a significant Group × Time interaction effect. AM score was significantly enhanced in the twice-daily real group after rTMS, but this difference could not survive the post hoc analysis after multiple comparison correction. Further, AM improvement in the twice-daily real group was not superior to a previously reported once-daily rTMS group receiving 8,000 pulses. Then, we combined the twice- and once-daily real groups, and found a significant Group × Time interaction effect. Post hoc analysis indicated that the AM score was significantly enhanced in the real group after multiple comparisons correction.ConclusionOur prospective experiment did not show significant rTMS effect on AM, but this effect may become significant if more participants could be recruited as revealed by our retrospective analysis.

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are characterized by attenuated pulmonary function and are frequently reported with cognitive impairments, especially memory impairments. The mechanism underlying the memory impairments still remains unclear. We applied resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the brain local activities with static and dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations among patients with COPD and healthy controls. Compared with HC, COPD patients exhibited decreased sALFF in the right basal ganglia and increased dALFF in the bilateral parahippocampal/hippocampal gyrus. The reduced the left basal ganglia was associated with lower oxygen partial pressure. Besides, the increased dALFF in the left hippocampal/parahippocampal cortex was associated with poor semantic-memory performance and the increased dALFF in the left hippocampal/parahippocampal cortex was associated the forced vital capacity. The present study revealed the abnormal static and dynamic local-neural activities in the basal ganglia and parahippocampal/hippocampal cortex in COPD patient and its relationship with poor lung function and semantic-memory impairments.

In the early Confucian discussion on human nature, the "sex" with "inborn nature" and "human reason why the man who" of the old ambiguity. Xunzi whichever "inborn nature" in terms of meaning "of malicious", but regardless of its internal moral conduct, as a "human reason why the man who" people of nature and not in its so-called "sex deterioration" The "sex", but rather acquired training from the "second human nature" - "virtue" . Thus, Xunzi De conduct regardless of the moral basis to establish the cultivation of virtue also comes down to how possible problems. Acquired for the cultivation of virtue, but people must have access to natural ability of virtue, the virtue of achievements party possible. In Xunzi this裡, success based on the intrinsic virtue of the implement as the "heart." Thus, the cultivation of virtue is that the "mind cure", and "road system to desire", which is seeking the reasonableness of emotional life. Finally, regardless of the Xunzi De Bank, the inherent virtue of a priori and non-dual properties In order to morality led to the "paradox of virtue regardless" will appear, and as regardless of the digestion of this paradox, Xunzi De conduct performance regardless the distinctive character of the practice. The early Confucian discussion about human nature was concerned with both the born nature and the acquired nature. Regarding the former one, Xun Zi advocated his doctrine about the evilness of human nature, while, within his doctrine of virtue, he was talking about the acquired second nature-virtue. Therefore, the construction of the moral foundation of Xun Zi's doctrine of virtue is essentially about the possibility to cultivate virtue. Virtue is something to be acquired, but the cultivation of virtue is only possible if one is equipped with the natural born capacity to acquire it. For Xun Zi, the internal basis of achieving virtue is embodied as the "mind." Accordingly, the cultivation of virtue lies in "governing nature with mind" and "controlling desire by tao," that is, seeking to rationalize the emotional life. Finally, in Xun Zi's doctrine, the internality and non-transcendence of virtue leads to the "paradox of virtue," while Xun Zi's doctrine shows its sharply practical character in its resolution of this paradox

The increasing importance of computational techniques in post-genomic life science research calls for new forms and combinations of expertise that cut across established disciplinary boundaries between computing and biology. These are most marked in large scale gene sequencing facilities. Here new ways of organising knowledge production, drawing on industrial models, have been perceived as pursuing efficiency and control to the potential detriment of academic autonomy and scientific quality. We explore how these issues are played out in the case of BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute prior to 2008). BGI (in Pinyin, Hua Da Jiyin– Big China Genome) is today the world’s largest centre for gene sequencing research. Semi-detached from traditional academic institutions, BGI has developed distinctive models for organising research and for developing expertise, informed by practices in US Information Technology and Life Science Laboratories, that differ from existing models of interdisciplinary research in academic institutions.

Solvency assessment is the core content of insurance supervision. In this paper, from the perspective of capital flow, the insurance company’s capital flow is regarded as a dynamic system, the stochastic differential equations model is established to describe its flow characteristics, and the existence of positive equilibrium point of the system is proved, as well as the conditions of stability at equilibrium point, that is, the requirements of the insurance company’s solvency. Furthermore, by using the numerical simulation method, we get the strategy of insurance companies to deal with the solvency shortage when facing the change of external environment, and the strategy of insurance company to deal with solvency shortage is obtained.

This paper studies the state of charge estimation of supercapacitors and lithium batteries in the hybrid energy storage system of electric vehicles. According to the energy storage principle of the electric vehicle composite energy storage system, the circuit models of supercapacitors and lithium batteries were established, respectively, and the model parameters were identified online using the recursive least square method and Kalman filtering algorithm. Then, the online estimation of SOC was completed based on the Kalman filtering algorithm and unscented Kalman filtering algorithm. Finally, the experimental platform for SOC estimation was built and Matlab was used for calculation and analysis. The experimental results showed that the SOC estimation results reached a high accuracy, and the variation range of estimation error was [−0.94%, 0.34%]. For lithium batteries, the recursive least square method is combined with the 2RC model to obtain the optimal result, and the estimation error is within the range of [−1.16%, 0.85%] in the case of comprehensive weighing accuracy and calculation amount. Moreover, the system has excellent robustness and high reliability.

Exact solutions of epidemic models are critical for identifying the severity and mitigation possibility for epidemics. However, solving complex models can be difficult when interfering conditions from the real-world are incorporated into the models. In this paper, we focus on the generally unsolvable adaptive susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemic model, a typical example of a class of epidemic models that characterize the complex interplays between the virus spread and network structural evolution. We propose two methods based on mean-field approximation, i.e., the first-order mean-field approximation and higher-order mean-field approximation, to derive the exact solutions to ASIS models. Both methods demonstrate the capability of accurately approximating the metastable-state statistics of the model, such as the infection fraction and network density, with low computational cost. These methods are potentially powerful tools in understanding, mitigating, and controlling disease outbreaks and infodemics.

Female-entrepreneurship plays a significantly important role in rural areas of China today. In fact, it is a driving force behind inclusive economic development of the country as a whole. However, notably very little literature out there has focused on the impact of how widespread usage of information technology tools affects the mothers entrepreneurship in the outskirt regions. Here, in this paper, the authors attempt to explore the finer details of such an impact by utilizing the data from the 2017 China Integrated Social Survey; along with the IV-Probit model to explore the transmission mechanism. Interestingly enough, it was discovered that Internet applications and tools do indeed increase entrepreneurship among women with children by a roughly 7.88%. In addition, this paper finds that the utilization of such “InfoTech” promote a continuous progress in entrepreneurship among those women with children who endeavor to start a self-managed enterprise in the less developed areas. Lastly, when looking the analysis of the transmission mechanism, this paper found that the role of Internet-usage in promoting rural mothers entrepreneurship was mainly through three factors – the gender equality effect, the information learning effect, and the financing effect. This accumulated data will be thoroughly presented here in the ensuing sections.

This paper attempts a kind of spiritual self-cultivation through study of Xunzi's honest perspective on the idea. Thought during the Warring States era of intention, the Xunzi's "governing air support heart surgery," represents a typical Confucian theory of intention. This article points out, as a spiritual self-cultivation way, Xunzi's sincerity to their ideals and moral training purposes. Moreover, naturalistic theory of human nature in its context, sincere thought in the doctrine of morality in the Xunzi has a particular theoretical significance. This article specifically pointed out that Yang Xin Cheng is also the heart of self-cultivation process of gradual rational, spirit of, and ultimately into the main process of moral reasoning. Finally, the analysis shows that the practice of sincere, honest Xunzi mainly actors, including single-minded in the same mind on the reason for the observance and implementation of ethics, so as to rule the heart of the moral self-cultivation practice to provide the main foundation. This thesis attempts to study the theory of Cheng of Xunzi from a perspective of spiritual exercises. In the Warring States period, the theory of "arts of governing Qi & cultivating mind" of Xunzi was a typical representative of Confucian spiritual exercises. As a way of spiritual exercises , Cheng takes moral cultivation as its ideal and aim. In addition, in the context of the theory of naturalism human nature, the idea of ​​Cheng has a special theoretical significance in the theory of moral cultivation. Especially, this paper pointed out that "Cultivating Mind with Cheng" make it possible for mind to translate itself into pure moral rationality eventually through this spiritual exercises process. Finally, the analysis of the practical process of Cheng shows that Cheng can enable one to concentrate his attentions in the mind on the cultivation of moral rationality, and this can provide the subject basis for the moral self-cultivation practice of "governing nature with mind".

It is a common aim of psychologists to construct a definition model with universal cultural applicability for mental health. These models can be divided into two types in terms of definition: One is the negative mental health definition model based on the absence of mental illness symptoms; the other is the definition model of positive mental health based on subjective feelings, such as happiness and social identity. However, neither of these definitions can properly explain Chinese people’s understanding of mental health or how mental health is dealt with in Chinese culture. This paper proposes a Yin–Yang definition model of mental health based on the theory of personality of Confucianism and Taoism. This model not only properly describes the understanding of mental health in traditional Chinese culture, but also explains East Asian psychotherapy and mental health practices in the context of Chinese culture.

Constructing a self model with universal cultural adaptability is a common concern of cultural psychologists. These models can be divided into two types: one is the self model based on Western culture, represented by the self theory of Marsh, Cooley, Fitts, etc.; the other is the non-self model based on Eastern culture, represented by the Mandela model of Hwang Kwang Kuo and the Taiji model of Zhen Dong Wang. However, these models do not fully explain the self structure and development of Chinese people in the context of Chinese Buddhist culture. Based on the self theory of Chinese Buddhism and inspired by the famous Buddhist work Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna, this article constructs the “one mind, two aspects” self model. This model not only can properly represent the self structure of Chinese people in the context of Chinese Buddhism but also can explain the self-cultivation process and the realm of practice of Chinese Buddhist believers and thus has satisfactory cultural validity.

In the age of digitalization, social media has played a significant role in quickly spreading the news about current affairs. From December 2019 to now, coronavirus disease 2019, with its several mutated shapes, has more transmissible potential catastrophe and has become a severe phenomenon issue worldwide. The international spread of the epidemic has created fear among people, especially employees working physically in different organizations. The present research aimed to measure the impact of social media on its users in the China. The social media users more often were influenced by shocking news instructively and destructively. The research analysis was based on service sector employees and data collected from 630 respondents via a structured questionnaire. This research was confirmed the negative impact of fear on social media on the performance of employees. This research was also confirmed the moderation impact of the COVID-19 vaccine on the relationship between social media fear and employee performance. This research recommends that the China Censor Board checked the news and its validity to reduce the fear of COVID-19 among employees. This research will become a roadmap for organizations and media controllers to understand the impact of social media during an intense situation. The telecommunication sector will reduce psychological disease and enhance the work capability of employees by controlling unnecessary and unapproved material about sensitive issues.

As a moralist, anti-recovery Xunzi stressed the need for good, and force map from the complete theoretical level evidence on this issue regardless of morality in order to teach people Mian force for good. On the theoretical structure, regardless of Xunzi's ethical card contains two levels - the community level with the level of individual personality. Regardless of social and moral dimensions of evidence, the Xunzi emphasized ethics as a way of social and social function, which started as a consequence of the theoretical into the network regardless. And, regardless of the level of moral evidence of the Confucian tradition was established which is the way of loyalty and forgiveness as part of its internal logic guarantees; on the moral level of the individual regardless of personality in terms of evidence, Xunzi De has shown a distinct behavior regardless regardless of moral orientation. On the whole, regardless of their moral examination of evidence that the two-layer structure: Xunzi De conduct regardless presented as a comprehensive In order regardless of the moral consequences regardless. As a moral philosopher, Xunzi emphasizes the indispensability of morality times without number and try to accomplish the philosophical demonstration for the moral issue. As its theoretical structure is concerned, Xunzi's moral demonstration comprises two contrastive lays: the lay of sociality and the lay of individual personality. The former keep to a kind of consequentialism, whereas the latter confirm to a kind of deontology. As a consistent and integrated theory, Xunzi's moral philosophy can be regard as a kind of deontology that assimilate some elements of consequentialism.

Against the background of modern academic study, this article consciously uses Aristotle’s virtue ethics as a tool to theoretically analyze Xunzi’s ethical philosophy. This article tries to briefly analyze the basic structure of Xunzi’s moral philosophy and to reveal its unique rationalist theoretical character by exploring the following three topics: “the understanding of human beings,” “the establishment of a moral foundation,” and “the accomplishment of virtue in practice.” From the perspective of comparative philosophy, this article can also be viewed as a model for bringing about communication and synthesis between two philosophical traditions, namely Confucian ethics and Western virtue ethics.